Study on Ht Dna

A PROJECT REPORT ON PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS. AT Bennett, Coleman & Co Ltd. The Times of India BY SAAD BHATI ROLL NO-P11014 PGDBM 3RD SEMISTER FOR POST GRADUATION DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT- MARKETING BATCH 2011-2013 CENTRE FOR MANAGEMENT – PGBDM BANDRA, MUMBAI – 400050 DECLARATION I Saad Bhati student of PGDBM – Marketing (Semester II) at Centre for Management hereby declare that this Project entitled â€Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. has been carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. .Roque rodrigues and Ms krupal Valia as per the norms prescribed by the University .And that I have not engaged in plagiarism of any kind from published / non published works. I further declare that the information presented in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge. DATE: PLACE: Mumbai ( SAAD BHATI ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With deep satisfaction and immense pleasure I am presenting this report on †Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. This survey process could not have been successful without the motivation provided by the employees at Times of India, Mumbai CST office. It is my proud privilege to have got an pportunity to work with an esteemed organization like Times of India. The encouraging work environment and culture has enabled my learning. They were always ready to provide constant support and give their intellectual inputs to guide me through this enriching endeavor. I would like to thank them for the keen interest they have taken in clarifying all the concepts and the underlying fundamentals. At the onset I would like to express deep heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Vikesh Walia (Vice President TOI) for giving me an opportunity to work on this project in Times of India.I would like to thank Mr. Sunil Gore (Associate Vice President TOI) for providing me with suggestions and help when required. I devote my special and sincere thanks to Mr Roque Rodrigu es & Ms Krupal Valia for providing me the guidance and valuable advice, without whose constant support and feedback this project would have been a mere idea without a form or content. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the TOI staff, Mumbai CST office who helped me by giving the moral support to accomplish the project successfully. I extend my sincere thanks to Prof.Neelam Mathur (Mentor), all the faculty members whose guidelines helped me in the completion of this report. Last but not least I would like to thank all those who were involved directly or indirectly in the completion of the project. Working at Times of India has been the most pleasurable experience and has also been a great learning experience. Thank You CERTIFICATE TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. | TOPIC| Page No. | | Acknowledgement| | | Contents| | | Executive Summary| | | Introduction| | | Industry Profile| | | Company Profile| | | History| | | Objective Of The Project| | | Research Methodology| | Analysis & Interpretation| | | Findings| | | Conclusion| | | Recommendations| | | Annexure| | | Bibliography| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project deals with the profiles of readers of Hindustan times and DNA . To understand the psyche of DNA and HT’s exclusive readers. The project focuses on the class of HT / DNA’s reader’s & their reading habits. The project also helps us to understand why they are subscribing to HT/DNA. It also helps us know the reason for which the subscribers are switching over to other newspapers like and what plan of action should be undertaken to compete in the newspaper industry.The research design implemented in this project is – (a) Research Approach – Exploratory Research. (b) Sampling Method – Non-Probability Sampling. (c) Sample Size – 200 responses of English newspaper readers in Mumbai, of which 100 are DNA readers & 100 are HT readers. (d) Research Methodology – Interview person on one to one basis using st ructured questionnaire. INTRODUCTION Every person normally starts his day by reading the Newspaper in the morning. In these modern days; instead of having many other options like 24Ãâ€"7 News Channels, Online news, Mobile updates etc.The importance of the newspaper is not yet changed in the life of people. Newspaper always treated as most reliable, analytical, trusted news source but definitely the content of the newspaper has been changed over the period of time. Generally newspaper reading habit in the house starts with the traditional family newspaper. The perception of the reader about newspaper start from writing style, editorial, layout, feel of the newspaper & convenience of reading etc. It does make people to resistant to change their newspaper brand from one to another unlike FMCG product or to replace it with the electronic news.Its take years to cultivate a newspaper brand in to the family. Most of the time the family newspaper or 1st choice newspaper of the family is th e regional newspaper Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati etc. Secondly is the English newspaper. The 1st and the 2nd choice of newspaper normally reflect into their socio economic status. English is an international language. Everybody not only in India but also throughout the world wants to cope with English language. Mumbai, being a metropolitan city & the financial capital of India.Analyst says that, majority people read English in Mumbai but only a few of that majority buy English newsprint of any kind. This study put lights of many of the facts & figures. Today morning’s newspaper publishing is a competitive and became a very complex market. The morning newspapers compete with each other and with other media such as TV, radio, the internet and other on-line services. In order to be competitive in the media landscape of today, morning newspapers need to improve the production and the distribution of newspapers as well as other processes within the newspaper companies.This study has been undertaken to understand the newspaper industry majorly concentrating on Mumbai region analyzing the Three major market players; The Times of India, Hindustan Times & DNA INDUSTRY PROFILE There are varieties of News papers available in Mumbai in all languages like English and Local Languages like Hindi, Marathi, Urdu, Malayalam, Tamil, Gujarati for Daily Samachar and news Updates which are available at lots of News paper stalls and Railway Book store around Mumbai Costing at around 2 to 3 rupees each depend on their cost.You can read all type of news like Political news, Local news, Financial and Economical updates like Rate of Gold, Silver and International Currency rates etc. List of English Newspapers: The Times of India, Economic Times, Financial Express, Indian Express, Mumbai Mirror, Mid-day, DNA, Business-Standards, Hindustan Times and Free Press Journal. List of Hindi Newspapers (Urdu newspapers): Hindi Midday, Tehalka news, Navbharat Times, Humara Mahanagar, Aaj Ka Ana nd, YashoBhoomi, Dopahar, Saamna, Hindmata, Mumbai Sandhya. List of Gujarati Newspapers: Gujarat Samachar, Mumbai Samachar, Divya Bhasker, Sandesh, Guajarati Midday, JanmaBhoomi.List of Marathi Newspapers: Loksatta, Maharashtra Times, Navshakti, Navakal, Vartahar, Saamna (saamana), Sakal, Sandesh, Lokmat, Divyabhaskar, Mumbai Mitra, Navabharat times, Sandhyanand, Punya Nagri, Samrat, Ratnagiri news, Mumbai Chaufer. Other Languages Newspapers: Kanada Times, Karnataka Malla, Udaya, Vani. Market Share of Mumbai English Dailies Analyst says that 3. 5million people read English in Mumbai but only 1. 2 million buy English newsprint of any kind. Mumbai had only six English dailies till 2005. â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA† is an unbeaten king of Mumbai English newspaper market COMPANY PROFILE * |The Times of India (TOI) is an English-language broadsheet newspaper that is widely read throughout India. It has the largest circulation among all English-language newspapers in the world, across all formats (broadsheet, tabloid, compact, Berliner and online). It is owned and managed by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In the year 2008, the newspaper reported that (with a circulation of over 3. 14 million) it was Certified by the Audit Bureau of Circulations as the world's largest selling English-language Daily newspaper, placing as the 8th largest selling newspaper in any language in the world.According to the Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2010, the Times of India is the most widely read English newspaper in India with a readership of 70. 35  lakhs (7. 035  million). This ranks the Times of India as the top English newspaper in India by readership. According to ComScore, TOI Online is the world's most-visited newspaper website with 159 million page views in May 2009. HISTORY OF â€Å"TIMES OF INDIA† The Times of India came into being on November 3, 1838 and was known as â€Å"The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce†. Initi ally the paper served only the British residents of western India.Published twice a week on every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce contained news from Europe, America and the sub- continent and was circulated between India and Europe via regular steamships. 1838: The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is launched by a British syndicate. 1855: Telegraph service starts in India and the paper signs an agreement with Reuters for â€Å"raising news coverage and lowering subscription rates. † 1861: Paper is renamed The Times of India after it acquires two smaller rival papers. 1902: Paper moves into its current offices opposite Victoria Terminus. 915: Price for the paper is cut from four annas to one anna as new rotary machines increase supply. 1946: Paper becomes Indian-owned and the editorial policy becomes openly nationalist. 1949: Matrimonial ads, known as â€Å"Catches and Hatches,† are introduced. 1950: Paper's crest is changed from th e lion and unicorn symbol of imperial Britain to two elephants, and anew credo – Let Truth Prevail – is adopted. 1991: The Times of India is chosen as one of the world's six greatest newspapers by the BBC. 1996: Timesofindia. com launched. 1997: Mumbai edition carries its first color photograph. 003: Delhi edition becomes the first paper in India to go all-color. The daily circulation of Times of India is more than 2 million Shades of Times of India TOI in Electronic Media A 24 hour English news channel, TIMES NOW has been started couple of years back by a joint venture between Reuters and the Times Group. The company also owns a lifestyle TV channel – Zoom and a radio channel – Radio Mirchi. One of India's leading radio channel – Radio Mirchi is available in Delhi, Mumbai and other important cities of India. Times Group in MerchandisePlanet M:Times Retail with Planet M outlets offer merchandise from music to designer watches, books and cafes. Time s Group Events The Times group organizes a number of fairs and exhibitions time-to-time all over the country. Times Utsav Consumer fairs, Times Ascent Job Fairs and Education Events are the fair and exhibitions organized by the Times group. The Times Group sponsors Miss World and Miss Universe events and played host to a galaxy of stars at the Film fare Awards. The group also organizes The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence or the Brand Equity Quiz. Times Group in Social ServicesThe philanthropic arm of the Times group, the Times Foundation, offers Non-Government Organizations , institutions ; others organizations all over India, a good platform to converge and address the country's developmental needs. TOI on Internet Times Group offers Internet services worldwide that covers everything from art to airlines, knowledge events to telecom and integrated marketing,. The site is visited by millions of users from India and other countries of the world. Websites of Times group are : http://www. timesofindia. com (The Times of India) http://www. economictimes. com (Economic Times) ttp://www. indiatimes. com (India times) http://www. epaper. timesofindia. com (TOI e Paper) http://www. syndication. indiatimes. com (Times Syndication Service) http://www. educationtimes. com (Education Times – A comprehensive education portal) http://www. timesascent. in (Times Ascent – A HR community portal) http://www. timesjobs. com (Times Jobs. com – A job portal) http://www. simplymarry. com (Simply Marry. com – A matrimonial portal) http://www. magicbricks. com (Margi Bricks – A real estate portal) http://www. radiomirchi. com (Radio Mirchi) Products under Times of India Umbrella TOI Sister Publications Economic Times – A Financial daily * Nav bharat Times – Hindi Daily Newspaper * Maharashtra Times – Marathi Daily Newspaper * Mumbai Mirror – Morning newspaper from Mumbai * Femina – Women's magazine p ublished in association with BBC * Filmfare – English Film Magazine published in association with BBC TOI Supplements The Times of India comes with several city-specific supplements, such as Delhi Times, Bombay Times, Lucknow Times, Bangalore Times etc. These city supplements carry entertainment news, gossips, page3 party news, photographs and other lifestyle related happenings in metros and big cities.Other major supplements of TOI include: Times Wellness : Carries health related news and also provides solution of your grievances by experts. Education Times : Education Times is weekly supplement focused towards students and acts as a counselor and advisor for student community. Times Ascent : A weekly supplement Times Ascent seeks to introduce more understanding of Human Resources and corporate life related stories. Also carries the advertisements of various kinds of jobs in India and abroad. Zig wheels: Zig wheels is a supplement related to auto-mobiles and latest developme nt in the industry.Times Property: The weekly supplement has real estate and property news. Times Life : Times life comes once in a week carrying news about life of personalities and famous people. Times Classifieds: Carries advertisements regarding jobs, buy and sell of items etc. Times Matrimonial: Feature marriage advertisement of boys and girls looking for match. Rouge: A weekly supplement Times en Vogue : A weekly supplement Products of Times of India CURRENT SENARIO The Times of India is published by the media group Bennett, Coleman ; Co. Ltd.This company, along with its other group companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes The Economic Times, Mumbai Mirror, Pune Mirror, the Navbharat Times (a Hindi-language daily broadsheet), the Maharashtra Times (a Marathi-language daily broadsheet). The Times is self-declared as a liberal newspaper, and is sometimes described as irreverent. The present management of The Times Group has been instrumental in changing the outlook of Indian journalism. In India, as is elsewhere in the world, the Editor of a newspaper has traditionally been considered as the most notable position in a newspaper set up.The Times of India, however, changed this in the early 1990s, in keeping with the management policy of treating the newspaper as just another brand in the market. The main newspaper and its many sub-editions are now run by editors who are appointed within the ranks and the company gives equal chance to everyone to occupy the editor's seat. The Times Group also places equal focus and importance to every department and function – which has made it a professional entity and ensured its place as the most profitable newspaper in the country. In late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited (VPL).VPL used to publish two Kannada newspapers Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran and an English daily Vijay Times. Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then. In January 2007, the Kannada edition was launched in Bangalore and in April 2008 the Chennai edition was launched. Their main rivals in India are The Hindu and Hindustan Times, which hold second and third position by circulation. There was a serious backlash against the paper's irresponsible coverage following the verdict of Ayodhya disputed land case. This also provoked serious criticism about the paper's poor news standards in Twitter.The Times Group| | | Corporate directors| Indu Jain  Ã‚ · Samir Jain  Ã‚ · Vineet Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Ramesh Chandra Jain  Ã‚ · Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain| | | Brand Newspapers, magazines and websites| The Times of India  Ã‚ · The Economic Times  Ã‚ · Maharashtra Times  Ã‚ · Navbharat Times  Ã‚ · Mumbai Mirror  Ã‚ · Pune Mirror  Ã‚ · Kolkata Mirror  Ã‚ · Bangalore Mirror  Ã‚ · The Times of India – Kannada  Ã‚ · Times Private Treaties  Ã‚ · ET Chandigarh   Zig Wheels| | | Times Global Broadcasting| Times Now  Ã‚ · ET Now  Ã‚ · Z oom  Ã‚ · Lead India | | | Times Internet| Indiatimes portal  Ã‚ · TimesofMoney| | | Times Infotainment &Entertainment Network India| Radio Mirchi  Ã‚ · Absolute Radio  Ã‚ · 360 Degrees  Ã‚ · Times Outoors  Ã‚ · Mirchi Movies Limited| | | Times Business Solutions| TBSL  Ã‚ · Times Jobs  Ã‚ · SimplyMarry  Ã‚ · MagicBricks  Ã‚ · Yolist   Ã‚ · Ads2Book  Ã‚ · PeerPower| | | World Wide Media| Filmfare  Ã‚ · Filmfare Awards  Ã‚ · Femina  Ã‚ · Femina Miss India  Ã‚ · Top Gear India  Ã‚ · Hello  Ã‚ · BBC Good Homes  Ã‚ · Femina Hindi  Ã‚ · Grazia  Ã‚ · What to Wear| | | TIML Radio| TIML Radio Limited| HISTORY OF â€Å"DNA† Daily News and Analysis  (DNA) is an Indian  broadsheet  published in the English language from  Mumbai,  Ahmedabad,  Pune,  Jaipur,Bangalore  and  Indore  in  India.The broadsheet was launched in July 2005 and targeted a young readership. DNA is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation, a  jo int venture  between  D B Corp Ltd. (Dainik Bhaskar) and  Essel Group. A high-profile  advertising campaign  with the  tagline, â€Å"Speak up, it’s in your DNA†, preceded the birth of  Daily News and Analysis  in 2005. The situational context into which the publication was introduced was described by the Indian media as tumultuous, with price cuts and competitive activity occurring.In an announcement on the front page of DNA on February 1, 2010, Aditya Sinha,  editor-in-chief, announced that DNA would drop it's â€Å"edit page† a  benchmark  occasion in the newspaper's history. DNA's decision was considered to be a bold action and attracted much criticism in the journalism field. DNA subsequently began providing, where appropriate, expert opinion and  comments  in different pages of the newspaper. In October 2011, as per the MRUC's (Media Research Users Council)Indian Readership Survey (IRS) Round II determined DNA’s total reade rship to be 12. 2 lakh in Mumbai and an average issue readership (AIR), across its six editions, of 8. 24 lakh. IRS also ranked DNA as no. 6th among the Top Ten English Dailies in India. DNA is the second most read English broadsheet in the city of Mumbai. The country’s youngest English newspaper continues to set a scorching pace, registering 86% growth in AIR over the five years since the IRS survey in the second half of 2006, nearly doubling the issue readership from 4. 44 lakh. DNA also has the highest percentage of readers (36. %) in the 30-49 age group in Mumbai among the English dailies, and the second highest percentage of readers who are graduates (52. 2%) or fall in the socio-economic classes A and B (73. 5%). On February 11, 2007, DNA announced that its paid circulation had reached 400,000 in Mumbai. It had previously reached 300,000 in October 2006. In May 2006, DNA authorized Ernst & Young to certify its circulation figures. E & Y submitted its report in July, put ting its paid circulation at 270,000. DNA is currently published from Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad,Jaipur and Indore.DNA has stopped publishing from Surat. The supplement typically contains information about happenings around a certain city, contests, games and puzzles, comics, jokes, recipes, as well as coverage of international issues such as global warming and ill-treatment of animals, children's problems like bullying and heavy homework, various facts and news, and children's contributions such as poems, essays, articles on their life, letters to the editor, and drawings. SUPPLEMENTS OF DNA AFTER HRS DNA AFTER HRS is an entertainment newspaper which covers news about bollywood, page 3 parties and buzz in town. DNA PROPERTYDNA PROPERTY is a weekly supplement it gives details about real estate properties around the country. DNA SPORTS DNA SPORTS is a daily supplement which covers all sports news national as well as international. HISTORY OF â€Å"HINDUSTAN TIMES† Hind ustan Times  (HT) is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the  Indian independence movement of the period (â€Å"Hindustan† being a historical name for  India). It is the flagship publication of  HT Media Ltd. Hindustan Times is one of the largest  newspapers in India, by circulation. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, it has a circulation of 1. million copies as of 2010. The Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2011 revealed that HT  has a readership of (37. 37 lakhs), placing it as the second most widely read English newspaper in India after  The Times of India. It has a wide reach in northern  India, with simultaneous editions from: New Delhi,  Mumbai,  Kolkata,  Lucknow,  Patna,  Ranchi,  Bhopal and  Chandigarh. The print location of  Jaipur  was discontinued from June 2006. HT  launched a youth daily,  HT Next, in 2004. The Mumbai edition was launched on 14 July 2005 and the Kolkata edition w as launched on early 2000.Other sister publications of  Hindustan Times  are  Mint  (English business daily),  Hindustan  (Hindi Daily),  Nandan  (monthly children's magazine) and  Kadambani  (monthly literary magazine). The media group owns a radio channel,  Fever, and organizes an annual Luxury Conference which has featured speakers like designer  Diane von Furstenberg, shoemaker  Christian Louboutin,  Gucci  CEO Robert Polet and  Cartier  MD Patrick Normand. Hindustan Times  is owned by the KK Birla branch of the Birla family. Hindustan Times  was founded in 1924 by  Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the  Akali movement  and the  Shiromani Akali Dal  in  Punjab.S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jalandhar) were made in charge of the newspaper. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and  Master Tara Singh  were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron w as Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri. K. M. Panikkar was its first editor with  Devdas Gandhi  (son of  Mahatma Gandhi) on the editor's panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar,  Delhi  (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from C.F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali,  C. R. Reddy  (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Saifuddin Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. â€Å"Sadar Panikkar launched the Hindustan Times as a serious nationalist newspaper. As an Oxonian, historian, and litterateur, Panikkar must have hoped to make his paper eventually more than an Akali sheet. He became the editor and funds flowed freely from activist Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway.In two years Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up. The paper was saved from an untimely demise when Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi. † – TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, 2007, Viva Books, New Delhi. Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 rupees to acquire the Hindustan Times along with the help of nationalist leaders Lajpat Rai and M. R. Jayakar and industrialist G. D. Birla, who paid most of the cash. Birla took full control of the paper in 1933.The paper continues to be owned by the Birla family. It has its roots in the  Indian independence movement  of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted â€Å"Hindustan Times Contempt Case (August–November, 1941)† at  Allahabad High Court. It was edited at times by many important people in India, includingDevdas Gandhi  and  Khushwant Singh. Sanjoy Narayan, has been appointed the editor in chief of the paper and w as due to take over in August 2008. Recently the editorial page has seen a major makeover and has been named â€Å"comment† to bring in more flexibility and some-what less seriousness to the page.HT MUMBAI EDITION HT Mumbai  has an eight-page daily lifestyle supplement (in tabloid format) called  HT Cafe. It has its education supplement called â€Å"HT Education† on Wednesdays. The paper also comes with a magazine on Sundays called  Brunch. The Mumbai edition is managed by Mohit Ahuja, an alumnus of NMIMS, Bombay. The resident editor in Mumbai is  Soumya Bhattacharya. OWNERSHIP The Delhi-based English daily  Hindustan Times  is part of the KK Birla group and managed by  Shobhana Bhartia, daughter of the industrialist  KK Birla  and granddaughter of  GD Birla.It is owned by  HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group owns a 69 per cent stake in HT Media, currently valued at Rs 834 crore. When Shobhana Bhartia joined  Hindustan Times  in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. Shobhana has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party. Along with  Hindustan Times,  HT Media  owns  Desi martini,  Fever 104 FM, and  Mint (newspaper). HT SUPPLEMENTS HT BRUNCH An exclusive lifestyle magazine, every Sunday. The readers of HT wake up to Brunch every Sunday morning, which is one of best-loved offerings from its stable.In a magazine format and clearly about ‘the good life’, it covers stories around food, fashion, shopping, travel, health & wellness, books & movie reviews, celebrity talk, lifestyle etc. One of the biggest draws of Brunch is the bouquet of columns by prominent journalists like  Vir Sanghvi  (food & travel), Sanjoy Narayan (music) and  Rajiv Makhni  (technology). This universally appealing brand has the core target group vested in upwardly mobile young families, looking for enhancing their lifestyle quotient. HT CAFE The entertainment & lifestyle suppleme nt, every day.The Hindustan Times reader wakes up to a bundle of fun, frolic, entertainment and masala everyday called HT City (in Delhi) and HT Cafe (in Mumbai). One of the strongest drivers of readership, the daily entertainment supplement enjoys almost universal salience and readership. The buzzy daily supplement has redefined lifestyle and entertainment space in newspapers, packing a punch with daily dose of Bollywood, Hollywood, Fashion, Relationship, City and Campus. The supplement offers an array of daily sections catering to different tastes – health & wellness, gadgets, travel, motoring and food.One of the biggest draws of the supplement is the Weekend Planner on Fridays that the young people of Delhi & Mumbai refer to as a guide to living it up in the city. HT EDUCATION Education Supplement, every Wednesday (earlier known as HT Horizons). HT Education offers the much needed guidance and mentorship to the students, which really helps them in choosing the best in educ ation leading to a great career. HT Education is a supplement dedicated to serving the needs of not only student community from 10th to post graduates, but also the parents who are concerned about their child’s future.The supplement is a source of comprehensive info around – career options, admission and scholarship information, college profiles, guidance and expert counseling. It’s a one-stop guide to the students to prepare for their most exciting phase in life. HT ESTATES Real Estate supplement, every Saturday. HT Estates as a supplement partners and corroborates the readers with information that helps them buy or sell their properties. This supplement comes with the newspaper every Saturday. The supplement offers countless options on property buying and selling.Along with that the supplement also enlightens both the buyers and sellers on legal aspects of realty transactions. Specifically for buyers the supplement offers array of information on realty trends, loan rates, etc. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT Title of the Project: â€Å"PROFILE STUDY ON DNA/HT’S EXCLUSIVE READERS†. Objectives of the Study: To understand the psyche & the profile of DNA and HT’s exclusive subscribers Process: * To prepare a list of DNA and HT’s exclusive subscribers (zone wise) * Conduct a survey of 200 readers to understand profile / reading habits / demography / preference. To understand the 5 p’s of DNA/HT subscription schemes. * Compilation and evaluation of the subscriber’s insights and psyche Research Methodology: * Data collection method : Survey * Data Collection : Primary data collection * Data collection tool : Questionnaire * Target group : Exclusive DNA/HT Subscriber’s * Sample size : 200 Areas covered : Mumbai- Urban, suburban, Navi- Mumbai & Thane District. QUESTIONAIREName:-_______________________________ Age:_______ Occupation: -__________________________ Contact no:________________ Area__________ _ Family size____ Email ID:_______________________ Income Group: 1lakh 1-2 lakh 2-3 lakh 1year 1-2years 2-3years

How WW1 Led To WW2 Essay

WW1 was the most gruesome war up until that time. With the central powers fighting the allied powers, germany was defeated and forced to take all blame for WW1 which led to WW2. They were forced to admit the war was their fault, pay all damages, and lose their military. After the war, all powers met in France and discussed the treaty of versailles and all allied powers except the U.S. made Germany sign the document and admit that the war was entirely their fault. They hoped it would keep Germany from starting another war but in reality it sparked them to get revenge. Also in the treaty, the allied powers forced them to pay for all expenses in the war. The total cost was well over a billion dollars. This hurt the economic system of Germany and they couldn’t pay for it all. It sparked the Germans to once again get revenge on the allied powers and gain control of their country again. IN the treaty, the military power was ceased from Germany. They were now left defenseless. When Adolf Hitler comes to power the first thing he does is restore the army and navy so Germany isnt completely defenselss and he wants the strongest army in the world to go back out and defeat the allied powers. Even though all the allied powers wanted was full revenge on Germany for their many expenses and casualities, it led to another war full of more expenses and casualities. Hitler stepped into power and didn’t think it was fair for the Germans to be treated this way. WW2 then begins and it the most destructive war ever.

Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education King Abdual Al. Aziz University Faculty of art and humanities English department Tense and aspect in English and Arabic By Aziza Attia Al. Zharani . Supervised : Dr. Salha Al. Qarni . 2011 objective methodology: Title of research : Tense and aspect in English and Arabic . Need for the study : the reasons that make to interest about the tense and aspect such as explain to definition and types in a tense and aspect in English and Arabic and structure the verb phrase in sentences in English and Arabic . The research will be includes: * Verb phrase in English . *tense and aspect in English . * Verb phrase in Arabic . *tense and aspect in Arabic . *conclusion . * bibliography. statement of the problem : tense and aspect in English and Arabic and some suggestion to solve the problem . disguise the difference in Arabic and explain the similar between two language . efinition of terms : tense :a morphological category so aorist tense means a particular form of the verb . aspect: a category used in describing how the action of a verb is marked. Verb phrase: Verb phrase consists of a verb and all the words and words groups that belong the verb and cluster around it. Hypothesis : -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try to solve some common mistakes. to study the difference structure in English and Arabic also tense and aspect . -the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. Review of the related literature : -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & Co : London. -Tregi dgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage: A Bull's-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety.Com/Arabicpast-Future Html Research methodology : Theoretical methods. Outline I. INTRODUTION . A . What is grammar . B. why to study grammar. II. Tense and aspect in English . 1- Verb phrase in English . 2-defination and examples tense and aspect in English . 3- types and examples tense and aspect in English. III. Tense and aspect in Arabic 1- Verb phrase in Arabic. 2-Definition and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . 3-Types and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . IV. A. Conclusion . B. references. Dedication Personally, I'd like to thank all those who have helped with their advice and efforts †¦I'd like also to thank all the English staff, especially my instructor, Dr. Salhah Al . Qarni . for her valuable advice. For my parents, friends and everyone, I dedicate my research. 1. Introduction 1. 1 What is Grammar? Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe gramm ar as the â€Å"rules† of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word â€Å"rules†, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences.No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time . What we call â€Å"grammar† is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. we don’t need to study grammar became many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children as well start to speak before they even know the word â€Å"grammar† . grammar can be thought of as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book . 1. 2 Why study grammar?If we learn ou r native language in the toddler years, then what's the point of learning about parts of speech and grammar in general? The answer to this question is simple . Firstly, it can help us in writing if we know how our language is correctly used. Conversation tends to be casual, but when we write letters, or job applications, or articles, it's important to know correct grammar if we are not to appear ignorant . Secondly, if you learn a foreign language when you're a teenager or adult, the grammar is likely to work differently. If you learn as a small child, you will understand this intuitively, as with a first language.But by the time we get to eight or nine, our brains have become somewhat hard-wired as far as language goes, and it's much more difficult to learn a new one. So it becomes important to see how the grammatical structure works – and unless we understand English grammar first, that's almost impossible. Thirdly, it's interesting to study grammar . 2. The Verb phrase in English : In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic structure composed of the predicative elements of a sentence and its function is to provide information about the subject of the sentence. stageberg1977 ) As with all phrases, a verb phrase consists of more than one word. In English, most verb phrases are phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles (a verb or adverb) which combine to form a meaning greater than the two words individually. They are divided into adverbial verbs (He is looking up') where the meanings are always literal and the expression could be replaced with the simple verb (to look) without losing any real meaning; prepositional verbs (he is picking on his friend) where there must always be an object and the particle cannot be separated from the verb (i. . *he is always picking him on, is not grammatically correct); true phrasal verbs (he is going out tonight with his friends) which may or may not have an object and where the o bject may go intbetween or after the preposition though object pronouns can only go before the pronoun) and prepositional phrasal verbs (I hope he doesn't run out of gas before he gets here) where the three elements cannot be separated and there is always an object. Most phrasal verbs are idiomatic . ( stageberg1977 ) Other verb phrases are phrases which do not behave like phrasal erbs and they Can consist of much more that two or three elements. Any verbal phrase is where the combined words take on a greater meaning than the implied significance of each individual word (idiomatic), though all elements behave as one verb would in a sentence. My friend's work is â€Å"crossing the line†. While crossing a line may have a literal sense in some contexts, such as an athlete crossing a line to win a race, in other contexts, â€Å"crossing the line† signifies â€Å"to do something which most people would not consider proper†. As with most such verbal phrases their mean ings are almost always idiomatic.In English as in other languages, verbal phrases can be colloquial and regional. Other examples of such verbal phrases (non phrasal verbs) are: * You are driving me bananas. * He always takes the high road. * Your friend is going to get whats coming to him. * It was shattered to pieces. Most such verbal phrases are the combination of a verb plus adverbial phrase, though not always. The Verb phrase in English also shows consist of tense and aspect . 3. Tense and Aspect 3. 1 definitions : In English, verbs have different forms to indicate continuousness, completeness, and time.Time can be expressed by tense whether present, past or future. On the other hand, continuousness can be expressed by the progressive aspect of the verb whereas completeness can be expressed by the perfective aspect of the verb. Tipping (1927) points out that the word tense is derived from the Latin word tempus which means time. The word tense is used in grammar books to indicate certain â€Å"inflections† of the verb (125). According to Tregidgo tense refers to the â€Å"correspondence† between the form of the verb and time. Aspect is related to ‘the manner' in which the verb is considered â€Å"complete† or â€Å"in progress. (130) According to his, English has two simple tenses: the present and the past, and two â€Å"marked† aspects: the progressive and the perfective (305, 306). Pullum define tense as † a system where the basic or characteristic meaning of the terms is to locate the situation, or part of it, at some point or period of time. † On the other hand, he define aspect as † a system where the basic meanings have to do with the internal temporal constituency of the situation. † In fact, the features of tense and aspect are interrelated. Sometimes, we cannot separate the present and past tenses from the progressive and perfective aspects.As we have noticed, many grammarians exclude the f uture from their analysis of tense because it is usually indicated by the modals shall and will. Palmer indicates that the present and past are † comparable within the analysis, in that they exemplify the formal category of tense as established in the primary pattern† (36). However, the forms I shall and I will belong to â€Å"the secondary patterns. † . 3. 2 makers of tense and aspect : There are two tenses in English: past and present. There is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for  Ã‚  present and past. The future is  denoted y  means of modal auxiliaries as in (a), by simple present forms as in (b) or  Ã‚  progressive forms as in (c) and (d): a. I  will  go  to  school. (madal  auxiliary) b. He  leaves  for  London  tomorrow . (simple  present  ) c. c. It  is  going  to  rain. d. d. The  train  is  leaving  tonight. English has the following aspects: progressive, and pefective. Aspect is shown by the use of suffixes {-ing} and {-ed} and/or  auxiliary words be and have as in: a. are  running. b. has  played. English tense and aspect are summarized below. 3. 2 . 1The Present In the Simple Present, only the third person singular is marked for tense by the  suffix – S3}, e. g. :  I play, we play,  you play,  they  play, he plays, she plays, it plays. The morpheme {-S3} has the same allomorphs in the same distribution as the plural suffix {-S1} and  possessive suffix -{S2} of the noun. (Tregidgo 1974) /-s/, /-z/, /-iz/,as in sleeps,  brushes, changes, raises. The majority of modal auxiliaries are said to have tense. The auxiliaries Can ,may, shall, will , must  are used  in the  present tense. They precede the main verb and give it special shades of meaning like futurity, volition,  possibility, probability, permission, and necessity.The auxiliaries can, may, shall, will ,and must   are not inflected for tense, e. g. I can, we can ; you can; they can, he can, she can, it can. The three quasi auxiliaries be, do, have often function as auxiliaries. The  present  form  of   Have and do are only inflected for  third person singular nouns, and words for which the third person singular pronouns will substitute and word groups. I have, we have,  you have, they have, he has, she has, it has; I do, we do, you do, they do, he  does, she does,  it does. Be has three suppletive forms in the  present tense as follows:I am, we are, you are, they are ,he is, she is, it is. Quasi auxiliaries may precede the verb stem, the present  participle, and the past participle, e. g. I do insist; They are playing;  He has eaten. The quasi auxiliary do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic affirmations. Do you know the  answer? She didn't do it. I did see him. 3. 2. 2 The Past The Simple Past form takes on two forms: regular and irregular. The regular form ends  with the suffix {-ed}  as in  played, walked, closed. The past  tense suffix  -ed is pronounced [t]  after a voiceless consonant as in stopped, possessed, marked; it s  pronounced [d] after a voiced consonant as in believed, closed,  played, and it is pronounced 4676 after another /t/, /d/ as in started, landed. The irregular past tense  takes on numerous forms:  some verb sremain the same, some form their past by a suppletive form, somere place their entire stem by a wholly different stem as in go, went, e. g. , went, ran, taught, wrote, smelt, took, made, said,  left, sent, spoke, met, drew, began, set. The past tense form of the verb is not inflected(marked) for the  first, second or third  person nouns or pronouns. (Tregidgo 1974)The past tense form of the modal auxiliaries can, may, shall, will, must are could, might, should, would, ought. Must  and ought (to) do not have  parallel forms, like the others. To express  the past tense of  must  , in the the sense of necessity, o ne says had to, e. g. : You ought to take the medicine. You ought to /should have  taken the medicine. The past tense form of the quasi auxiliaries be, do and have are: had; was, were; did  . These  past forms  may precede the  verb stem , the present participle, and the past Participle . The quasi auxiliary Do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic ffirmations. Did you know the  answer ? She didn't do it. I did see him. These past tense forms are not marked in accordance with the subject. 3. 2. 3 The Progressive The present and past progressive consist of   be + present   participle   the   {ing}   form . Seven   suppletive   forms   of be – am, is, are, was , were, be , been are used as the first member of the verb phrases. e. only the first member of the verbal phrase is inflected in accordance with the subject. The second member being does not change . the present participle suffix {-ing} does not change as well.When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is followed: be + present participle. 3. 2. 4 perpective The past and the present perfect consist of   Have+ past  participle. The past participle is the {-ed} form of the verb. Three forms of have -have, has, had- serve as the first member of the verb  phrase. The first member  has changes  in accordance with  the subject; the second member which consists of the past participle of the main verb does not. When auxiliaries are used in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is ollowed : have + past participle. ————— 4. The verb phrase in Arabic Learning the  Arabic Verbs  is very important, because their structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language . But first we need to know what's the role of verbs in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic verbs are word s that convey action (bring, read, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or objectArabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, but there is a difference, in the west people look at the points in time in where an action takes place, the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask: Is the action finished or not (They don’t ask themselves when did it finish or not). Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present, but not necessarily so. Here are some examples: English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| Verbs | – alaaf'aal| Past| – almaatheee| I spoke| – tahadatht|Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semivowels alif, waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation . The simplest Arabic verb consists out of three consonants like KaTaBa meaning hewrote or he has written. The past tense is conjugated by suffixes, the present tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have. The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi-consonants.They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules. Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule allama means to know, The second form allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach, the fifth form ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study! The tenth form istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb, so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful . (Abdullah ) List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated verbs in the present , past and future in Arabic placed in table. English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| I can accept that| /iomkin an aqbalah| she added it| /waadaafat anah| we admit it| /nahn na'tarif bithalik| they advised him| /waashaarowa ‘alaih| he will go / sawfa yathhabu Verbs in the present past and future tense have a very important role in Arabic, therefore they need very special attention. 5. Tense and aspect in Arabic : . 1 Verb conjugation : In Arabic verbs take their infinitive form by using the past form of that verb and conjugate it to the third person singular â€Å"he†, to make it simple here is an example: to draw = rasama = (he drew), to write = kataba (he wrote) = . daraba (to hit)†¦ Most verbs in Arabic have a three letters root or stem, there are also verbs containing more than three letters in their root (stem) but we will start with verbs consisting of a three consonant stem, also called trilateral verbs, since the trilateral verbs (containing three consonant ) are the most common.In Arabic we use a â€Å"masdar† â€Å"source† to show how a verb is conjugated and what forms it takes, normally for a three letters verb we use: fa’ala = = to do (literally in Arabic it means â€Å"he did†), This verb is used as an example or model to help us know how to conjugate other verbs having the same characteristics. We take for instance the verb: to draw = rasama = as you can see it in Arabic it has only three consonant (R ? , S ? , M ? ), this verb sounds exactly like our model verbs (fa’ala when it comes to its vowels, and that’s all we care about, ignore the similarity or difference in the consonants, what matters is the similarity in the vowels and the number of letters, because you will replace the consonant in our examples and put your own there, to make it more simple we will take a random word phonetically similar to our verb â€Å"fa’ala† â€Å"lalala† sounds like â€Å"rasama† if you compare its vowels and the number of consonants, other examples are: dahaba (to go), haraba (to run away), kataba (to write), nasaha (to advise), daraba to hit), in fact most Arabic verbs are formed this way. They all seem to have the same tune. Now to form the present tense with this kind of verbs, we first take our stem from the verb, in other words, extract all vowels from the verb, for example the verb to draw = rasama, once weextract all vowels we will end up having â€Å"rsm† , now this stem is ready to be modeled. Look at the table below: 5. 2 Arabic Present tense: To form the present tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example: To draw = rasama Stem is rsm, now let’s look at the table below to see how this verb is conjugated in this tense: ———————————– Present Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| Plural| I draw = ar sumu you draw (singular masculine) = tarsumuyou draw (singular feminine) = tarsumeenahe draws = yarsumushe draws = tarsumu| you draw (dual male or female) = tarsumanithey draw (dual male or female) = yarsumani| we draw = narsumuyou draw (plural masculine) = tarsumunayour draw (plural feminine) = tarsumnathey draw (plural masculine) = yarsumunathey draw (plural feminine) = yarsumna| Each form of the verb rasama above contains:Blue font (that’s what you need to keep, the blue font shouldn’t be modified or removed from verb, it stays the same) Red font (that’s what you need to delete and add your own consonant of the verb you chose to conjugate: kataba ? ktb, haraba ? hrb†¦) Green font (you can keep that one too, but not all the time, sometimes it becomes â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† instead of â€Å"u† depending on the verb) We noticed that the â€Å"rs† of the stem â€Å"rsm† are always together, that’s the case with all tri lateral verbs (verbs with three consonants, which are the most frequently used verbs in Arabic) he first and second consonant go together, so you can use this table with other verbs as well by replacing the letters in red (the stem we used before) and put your own verb stem instead. The vowel in green may change to â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† depending on the verb, like for example for the verb nasaha (to advise) instead of using the â€Å"u† in green we have to change it to â€Å"a† I advise = ansahu, you advise = tansahu†¦(and not ansuhu .. tansuhu) and so on†¦ (Note that the stem here is â€Å"n. s. h† as we mentioned earlier), for the verb daraba (to hit) we use â€Å"i† instead, I hit = adribu, he hits = yadribu. and not adrubu)†¦ In case you think that this is too complicated, I will tell you that it’s not something unusual, and if you’re a native or learned Spanish, French, German or even English before, you will notice that the vowel in the middle of some verbs sometimes don’t really follow the rule . English: simply take the verb â€Å"to go† I go, you go, he gos? Of course not, the right form is he goes as you know. All these examples are not considered irregularities but semi irregularities, which means that they’re modified only for phonetic and synthetic reasons).If you don’t know how to extract the stem from a verb (even though it’s very easy) we will go through it now: by omitting all vowels from these verbs we will have: dhb = dahaba (to go), hrb = haraba (to run away), ktb = kataba (to write), nsh = nasaha (to advise), drb = daraba (to hit). Easy! The second person singular masculine â€Å"you† is conjugated the same way the third person singular feminine â€Å"she† does. Tarsumu = you draw (singular masculine) and also means she draws. 5. 3 The past Tense in Arabic: To form the past tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example:To write = kataba ? stem is ktb, now let’s look at the table below to see how this verb is Conjugated in this tense: (vegasociety. com/arabicpast-futurehtml) Past Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| Plural| I wrote = katabtuyou wrote (singular masculine) = katabtayou wrote (singular feminine) = katabtihe wrote = katabashe wrote = katabat| you wrote (dual male or female) = katabtumaathey wrote (dual male or female) = katabaa| we wrote = katabnayou wrote (plural masculine) = katabtumyour wrote (plural feminine) = katabtunnathey wrote (plural masculine) = katabouthey wrote (plural feminine) = katabna| This is very easy and simple!You can put almost all trilateral Arabic verbs in this table. First take the verb you want to conjugate, extract all its 3 consonants, put them in place of the 3 red consonant on the table above. As you may have noticed, look at how the three consonants are spread in the word katabtu, consonant+ vowel+ co nsonant+ vowel+ consonant†¦ I will make the same note I made before in the present tense, you will have to change the vowel n the green font into â€Å"i†, the only difference this time is that you won’t have to do it that often as the case with the present tense, because the â€Å"a† is more used. Do you remember the two verbs (to advise = nasaha, and to hit = daraba) that we conjugated differently in the present tense, in the past tense they can be conjugated the same way as rasama & kataba , like I said before many verbs will follow the general rules of the table above when it comes to the past tense unlike the present tense.To conjugate your own trilateral verb into the past tense go to the table and have your verb stem ready (don’t tell me you forgot how to make a stem from a trilateral verb)It should contain three consonant and no vowels, if you want to conjugate it in the paste tense then replace the first consonant on the table above in red à ¢â‚¬Å"k† with the first consonant of the stem you have of your own verb, then replace â€Å"t† with the second consonant you have, finally replace â€Å"b† with the last consonant you have, and that’s it!Example: I wrote = katabtu , if you want to use â€Å"I went† (1 step is to find the verb to go in the Arabic infinitive: the verb is dahaba = to go, 2: the stem is dhb, 3: omit the (k, t, b) stem in the table above and put yours, you will easily get ? dahabtu!! ) Note: in case you’re confused whether to replace the â€Å"a† in the green font with â€Å"i† or not, I would just tell you that if you’re a beginner just leave the â€Å"a†, because â€Å"a† is the most common, but I would also suggest to read more about the forms that most of verbs take so that you will easily decide whether to put â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† when conjugating verbs into the past tense in Arabic. . 4 Future Tense in Arabic: To form the Arabic future tense simply use: sa or sawfa + (the verb in present tense). Examples: sa aktubu (I will write), sa adhabu (I will go), or if you want to use sawfa: sawfa aktubu (I will go), sawfa adhabu (I will go). Isn’t that a piece of cake! There is no difference between sa and sawfa, to make it easy you can choose to use sa most of the time so that you won’t get confused. conclusion:At the end of this clarifying research paper, I can conclude that the tense and aspect in English and Arabic is different and similar in something . It is very important to notice differences between two language . Other conclusions are the following: -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try to solve some common mistakes. -to study the difference structure in English and Arabic. the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. References -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & Co : London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage: A Bull's-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future Html

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Warwickshire Cricket Club - Assignment Example This meeting resulted in the formal establishment of the present Warwickshire County Cricket Club for the most significant reason that Birmingham cricket was growing apace. The Warwickshire County Cricket Club is amongst the eighteen major county clubs which form the English domestic cricket structure corresponding to the historic county of Warwickshire. It has a limited-overs team called as the Warwickshire Bears, and their kit-colors are blue and gold. It is resident in Edgbaston Cricket Ground in south Birmingham, which consistently is responsible for hosting Test and One Day International matches. In the early on, Warwickshire made use of the information from a range of databases to mass mail fans regarding the upcoming matches, news and offers. Many a times, there occurred duplication of the information or missing of the data. With such an inaccurate hold on the data, it was quite intricate for them to assemble market intelligence, and obtain a lucid demographic of their fan-base because each of the department would hold a distinct profile. As a result, the evaluation of true success of a marketing campaign was challenging enough to attain. The teams faced enormous problems in the IT, ticketing, sales, finance and marketing departments in order to efficaciously utilize the vast amount of lore stored in these databases. The formation of tailored-lists and attendee profiles was another time-depleting and cumbersome process. Jonathan Cockcroft who was the Marketing Manager at Warwickshire County Cricket Clu

Global Data Synchronisation for supply chain Case Study

Global Data Synchronisation for supply chain - Case Study Example This technology is significant in hastening a speedy transfer of information from the manufacturer to the retailer. In addition, this technology is important in terms of improving accuracy and security of data (Gopal & McMillan 2005, p.58). This technology is enhanced by the existence of a global network termed as the Global Data Synchronisation Network which is under the management of GS1. This organisation (GS1) is responsible globally in matters dealing with the design and implementing the global standards and solutions necessary to enhance the efficiency and also visibility with regard to supply and demand chains existing across verticals. On another note, this technology is necessary in the sense that, it enables trading partners to have access to product information in real time. In addition, this technology is necessary in a globalized market where obtaining latest information is critical for businesses. For instance, any change made in a firm’s database automatically reflects on other business partner’s database. This is made possible through the GS1 system that relies on the Global Trade Identification Number (Gopal & McMillan 2005, p.62). 2.1 The industries engaging in retail and consumer products recognizes the urgency to change and adopt a technology that would ensure system-system synchronisation with regard to products, price, the location, services and sharing of other information between business partners. In order to achieve this milestone of data synchronisation that involves many systems, standards, businesses data management and electronic synchronisation have emerged as solutions to problems related to data sharing among business partners. Further, this technology is seen as a means to enhance efficiency and hastening responsiveness within the supply chain. With regard to this technology, trading partners can share two forms of data. The first is neutral data that can be shared among many parties and is considered to

Working with calculus Assignment Essay Example for Free

Working with calculus Assignment Essay The nightmare has come to pass. All of Kelleys extensive surgeries and nasal passage scrapings have (unfortunately) gone awry, and he waits in the Ear, Nose, and Throat doctors office waiting area spewing bloody snot into a conical paper cup at the rate of 4 in3/min. The cup is being held with the vertex down (all the better to pool the snot in, my dear). The booger catcher has a height of 5 inches and a base of 3 inches. How fast is the mucous level rising in the cup when the snot is three inches deep? Investigating the problemÃ'Ž The volume of a cone V = where r is the radius of the cone and he is its height For the full cone or any part of it, the ratio of r:h remains fixed, so As we are only interested in the rate of change of the height we need to eliminate r so use r = 3h/10 for all levels So the new V = so to find h3 = and h = So making a table to find for t= 0 to 25 and hence work out roughly how long the cone takes to fill up, and the height value at each stage and also radius each time. As can be seen, the full height and radius is reached at about t 15 minutes. Lets hope the doctor is on time today! Here are the formulae used to generate the tableHere is the graph of h and r against time: Both h and r increase rapidly in the 1st 5 minutes before the rate of increase slows as t increases. Using Numerical methods Various rates of change could be investigated, including the rate of change of h with respect to V, the rate of change of r with respect to t and so on. However, the question asks about the rate of change of h with respect to t, so this will be investigated using the Leibnitz formula : to estimate gradients using a spreadsheet. The following graph was obtained: As can be seen this graph of the rate of change of height (the speed at which height changes) is not very helpful, as there is a lot of change for t = 0 to t = 2 but after that the rate of change is much less. Some investigation shows that most of the change takes place between t = 0 and t = 1. So tracing the rate of change of the 2 sections on different graphs, with the one involving the first section in much more detail, will give a better picture. The table: And the graph The reduction in speed of the heights rise is very marked The table for t = 1 to t = 14: and the graph: The question requires the rate of change at h = 3. From the table this can be see between t = 2 and t = 4, where the gradient is between 0. 46 and 0. 29 inches per minute Using differentiation V = so and we were also told So using the Chain Rule: = Filling what is known: 4 = so So when h = 3 = 0. 393 inches per minute Conclusion: The numerical method does not give a very accurate result and provided the Chain rule is used, the calculus method is much betterÃ'Ž

Discussing The Process Of Operations Management Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Process Of Operations Management Information Technology Essay Operations management is a process of managing resources required for production and deliverance of the products and services. Its basic objective is to improve the amount of value-added activities in each of the processes. The part of the company that is entrusted with this process is the operations function. As each and every organization produces products they all are bound to have operations function. The people responsible for managing the operation functions resources are known as operations managers. In different type of organizations they may be called by different names like in supermarket they are store manager, etc. This report demonstrates the three operations management techniques which helped the companies improve their business activities and performance. They were Supply Chain Management (SCM) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Total Quality Management(TQM) In this report the case studies involving the implementation of the above three techniques are explained. The benefits experienced by the companies and any changes they could have made to maximize them are also mentioned. Supply Chain Management (SCM): Supply chain management consists of coordinating the material and information flow, and the finances between the supplier, manufacturer and the consumer. Its main objective is inventory reduction assuming that when products are needed they are available. The supply networks are made up of Supplier-buyer relationship. The flow of Supply chain management flows can be divided into three parts: The product The informational flow The financial flow The behavior of the supply chain is dynamic and is known as bullwhip effect. This means that if there are small changes happening at the end of the supply chain they start causing changes at the start of the supply chain. The reduction of the bullwhip effect can be achieved by: Efficiently distributing the information by connecting all the operations to the demand source. Establishing a similar decision making process along the entire supply chain. Increasing the efficiency of the operations by eliminating sources of waste. Supplier quality management The basic need of any company from their suppliers is the deliverance of good quality products on right time. The best practice of improving the quality of product is by improving the quality of raw materials supplied by suppliers. SQM can be implemented by following the practices mentioned below: Estimating and finding the cost incurred due to poor supplier quality: This is also known as COPQ (Cost of poor quality). The COPQ can be calculated from the following: The costs incurred due to scrapping and reworking. The shutdown of our assembly line due to defective products. The costs of shipping back the defective products to suppliers and the warranty costs. Developing a system for recovering our costs: In this, the suppliers are charged back for supplying poor quality products. Here, we must include not only the material costs but also the non-material costs like packaging defective products, their transportation costs, etc. Auditing and rating of suppliers: This is the most effective way of checking whether our suppliers are conforming to our mentioned processes, quality systems, transporting, etc. It can be done once every year for all of our suppliers. The advantages gained by companies by having effective supply chain are: They have low maintenance and real costs. They can make delivery of better value and have repeat of business with the customers. They can easily remove waste from the process. They get more turnover profits and can make long term plans for the future. Summary of Case study for Supplying fast fashion: This case study best demonstrates how the garment retailing business is carried out in this dane age.It shows how the different fashion ideas which would not have been even considered by a retail store can become must-have in a short period. The working of top retail brands like HM, Zara and Benetton is been explained. It explains the quicker-picker-upper fashion concept which has made Zara, HM todays leading retailers. Reasons: To achieve this science of fast fashion product development cycles need to compress, which can be done through effective supply chain management. The retail brands believed that the only way they can keep stocks to a minimum while meeting the customers demand quickly and flexibly was through the integration of processes along the supply chain All the top 3 brands have their supply chain divided in four stages Designing of garments Manufacturing Distribution to retail outlets Retail operations Designing: Designing is of extreme importance in retailing market. The stores are supposed to deliver high and fast fashion at an inexpensive cost not cheap cost. H M designing -It is carried out by team of 100 designers in Stockholm who operate with group of 50 pattern designers, about 100 buyers and many budget controllers. Zara designing: Here, the design idea is derived from three different sources-the designers, market analysts and the buyers who order consignments to suppliers. The design stage for Zara is divided in three sections: Women, men and children chlothes.The prototype designs are created and tried out by placing all the three sources (designers, market analysts and buyers) in small workshops. The market analysts capture the new happenings in the fashion market as they are always in contact with the retail stores. This way Zaras retail stores are at the start of the supply chain and not at the end. Distribution: The investment costs incurred by Zara and Benetton in automating their warehouses is very high as they want them to be near production centres which could store, pack and develop independent orders for the network of retail stores around the globe. Currently, Zara only uses half of its warehousing capacity while Benetton is still exploring the possibility of using RFID tags for tracking garments. The distribution process at HM is still routine. The stock management is carried out internally and physical distribution is sub-contracted. In HM, goods are routed to retail site from production site through a transit terminal in Hamburg owned by the HM itself. These goods are then inspected and stored in a centralized stock room known as call-off warehouse where stores are replenished on each item level depending on what is sold. Manufacturing: Manufacturing costs can be significantly reduced if there are reduced labor costs. Therefore, most of the Benettons manufacturing operations are carried out in Asia, North Africa and Eastern Europe. The expensive technological operations are carried out in privately owned Benettons sites whereas all the labor intensive operations would be carried out by smaller contractors. The central Benetton facility decides upon how much and what is to be produced by non-Italian networks. Similar is the case with HM, whose 50% production is carried out in Asia. They have 21 offices all over the world which co-ordinate the supplier activities. The healthy relation maintained between suppliers and production offices allows them to buy fabric early. The actual cutting and dyeing of the garments carried out at later stage. This helps in delaying placement of an order, thereby reducing risk of purchasing wrong items. Zara owns much of its manufacturing capabilities which it can manipulate to meet the customer demands at short response. Almost 50% of Zaras productions, most of which are expensive operations (cutting, dyeing) are carried out in plants owned by Zara in Spain and similar to Benetton the labor intensive operations are sub-letted to contractors. Volume flexibility is maintained by Zara and their sub-contractors using a single shift system. Retail: This working is almost similar between all stores.HM stores have average size of 1300 sq.m and are owned and managed by themselves. Zara stores are smaller compared to HM with 800 sq.m size. The Benetton shops on the other hand are 1300-1500 sq.m.Previously the stores used to be run by third parties as small shops. Though there is difference in size they all have similar aim of providing the customer with comfortable atmosphere to make them feel at home and allow them to buy what they want. Benefits: The retail brands were able to achieve a high level of integration using supply chain management. This allows them to quickly react to customers demand and be flexible with minimum stocks posssible.They were able to find the correct balance between fashion, price and quality(Each brand has their own sense of fashion, price and quality).The average supply lead time achieved was about3 weeks 6 months. Of these 3 brands, Zara has achieved shortest lead times called as catwalk to rack time which is as small as 15 days. This means that not a single garment in Zara store is older than two weeks. The designs are also not repeated and are produced in small batches. This ultimately forces customers to avoid delaying their purchase and visit the store frequently lead to increased profits. Effective Supply Chain Management has helped each of the company to become a global brand image in their own way while keeping their production costs low. Suggestions: In the manufacturing stage where the raw materials are supplied by different suppliers a star rating system can be used. In this procedure a 3 star is given to that supplier which has previous record of success on supply factors set by company itself. On contrary, no stars are given to them with whom company has had certain problems before. We can do this as shown in supplier calculation table below: Value can be added to the retail industry by personalizing the needs of customer and improving customer service by using RFID technology. To automate the supply chain RFID can be used. This will help in labor reduction which accounts for about 50-80% of distribution costs. The benefits gained by implementation of RFID through supply chain can be clearly explained by figure given below: (Tajima M 2007) RFID can prove extremely useful in retail industry to control inventory efficiency and also as a theft protection service. (Michael K, McCathie L) ERP The most common and important problem involved in operations management is managing the vast amounts of data while performing it. It is extremely important that the information of each and every function done spread among the entire organization. This is what will enable them to make crucial decisions like when the activity to be done, by whom is and what is the capacity required. ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning is used to perform all the above said activities and overcome the problems arriving from them. ERP is an intelligent IT system which integrates all parts and functions of an organization to plan and control activities required for operations management. This integration also allows for transparency among all parts of organization. ERP is a complex and difficult system to implement as it is basically designed to solve problems involving fragmentation of information. An ERP system almost forces everyone to forces everyone involved in an organization to change the way they used to do their job. ERP automates the processes involved in all business operations right from taking of an order from the customer, delivering it and the billing process. In ERP, when an order is been taken by the company representative, he has full information of the customer like his credit rating and also the companys. As ERP has a single database system the new order can be accessed by all the departments and when one department is finished with the order it is automatically transferred to the next department by ERP.The location of the order can also be easily tracked using a ERP system. The ERP system make the order processing faster and the customer receive them quickly with fewer errors. The key success factors required for successful ERP implementation are: Top level management support and commitment Clear vision and proper planning Having a Project champion A set time frame to deliver the implementation strategy Project and change management Proper IT infrastructure and selecting the right ERP package Maintaining healthy relationship with the Consultant Risk management The investment required for buying and implementing the software is very high. This can be proved by the survey conducted by the META group on the Total cost of ownership of ERP involving all costs like software, hardware and all staff cost. The highest Total Cost of Ownership was of about $300 million and lowest was $400,000.the average price for user of ERP for period of two years was a massive $53,320.which proves ERP is expensive. Some of the risks involved with ERP implementation are: The chances of under estimating the overall cost are high The training and the expertise level required from the consultants will be more than expected. Under estimation of effort and time required. The project scope can be difficult to control and the need for change management may not be recognized on time 3. A case study conducted at Rolls-Royce investigating the implementation of ERP (SAP): In this case study, the Introduction and background of company along with the changes observed by them after the implementation of ERP is discussed. The risks involved with implementation of SAP are also presented. Reasons For implementation: Rolls-Royce returned back to private sector in 1987 and started acquisition of companies which enabled them to consolidate their position in industrial power .The basic reason for implementing ERP was to sort out centralized database from old legacy MRP2 systems. Before ERP, Rolls-Royce had as many as 1500 systems which were developed internally. The operation of these legacy systems was expensive maintenance was equally difficult. They did not assist for accurate and good decision making as they were unable to provide accurate accessible data. The systems implemented were unable to communicate between individual sites. The tracking of the work in progress between sites was inaccurate and causing inventory problems. The legacy systems were unable to communicate direct with suppliers and customers. (Yahaya Y, Gunasekaran A, Abthorpe M S 2004). Rolls-Royce then decided to outsource its IT department to EDS.This allowed Rolls-Royce to concentrate on its main area of expertise which was developing and manufacturing aero-engines. A team of specialists from EDS-the outsourcing firm was assigned the task of implementing ERP project which also had SAP consultants in their team. The team was well equipped with managers and staff that had crucial knowledge of old legacy systems understanding of cross functional business relationships. Yahaya Y, Gunasekaran A, Abthorpe M S 2004). Although the new systems implemented were better than most of the legacy systems they were not fully appreciated as the older ones. The team decided to overcome this problem by conducting seminars for the staff and explaining them the improvements the new systems have made to company. Training was given to about 10000 people through demonstrations, meetings and presentations. Strategy and direction: For the project, Rolls-Royce required over 100 personal computers and the total cost incurred was two million pounds. The scope and the outline plan for the project were made. A team was allocated to look over actual implementation process. After this a prototype was created and installed. This prototype model was based on Rolls-Royce Allison model. In this stage following activities were carried out: Reviewing preliminary design: Here, strategy for designing and implementation was developed along with BPM (Business process model) Development and customization of the vanilla prototype. Reviewing of implementation and the technical operations. Development of the systems and their conversions before they Go-live. The main implementation stage was divided into two waves. The first wave got delayed by 6 months because They wanted to provide more time for line organizations to prepare and clean up data. To allocate time for pilot testing and system development. To overcome difficulties faced with SAP usage. Wave one-The main objective here was to replace all the old systems. In wave one new manufacturing system like SFDMs were introduced. The pilot project of SAP suggested the end of wave one. Wave second: In this wave the engine assembly was implemented. This wave lasted for one year in duration. The second wave was ended when new systems began showing positive results. Enterprise Resource pilot: This pilot system was a small scale system run for 3 months and number 4 shops was chosen as facility where transmissions and structure operations were centre of attention for company. The reason for this facility selection was its low production capacity of only 280 parts. The pilot system was used to demonstrate processes and procedures for businesses .They were also responsible for defining role for each member and demonstrate how to manage data transfers. Go-live The problems encountered on going live were: They had user authorization issues like passwords, etc The route cards were not there due to which work on shop floor was temporarily halted. Transaction problems were observed and they were corrected by comparing old and new systems. The actual main pat of go-live system was difficult as the shear amount of data to be transferred from legacy systems was huge. To achieve this data was required to be kept in a state of stability for up to 10 weeks. The initial data like the list of suppliers was to be transferred and if any error occurred on old system they were recorded and passed on to the new system.MRP system was used to complete the go-love process which took 2 weeks time. After the go-live stage the old system were kept in view only mode which allowed comparisons to be done between new and old systems. Project risks: This project was involved with all the departments and ha its associated risks. These risks were tried to be overcomed by the ERP implementation team by maintaining a risk register. Some of the risks mentioned on the internet page of Rolls-Royce are: If due to some reason there was no delivery or unavailability of the IT hardware. Possibility of failure while loading the data or setting priorities on ERP. The project would have significant impact on the accounts of the company at the year end. Benefits: The effectiveness of such a large scale IT project is often difficult to understand .The benefits achieved from such a huge project requires at least a year to become visisble.The most immediate and important benefits that was achieved was to make a promise to customer and deliver it on time. This led to improved customer satisfaction and boosts their confidence which would result in increased orders for the future. The ERP system improved the relationship within the supply chain where Electronic communications were used to make transactions easier. The ERP system made communications between all the parts of the business absolutely clear. The Rolls-Royce management gained a better sense of control over number of operations which resulted in continuous improvements. It made possible to have accurate and timely information about their customers, business partners and suppliers. Suggestions: The company for the future can create a large data warehouse. In this the data can be stored centrally and extracted from all different places like historical and external databases. The data can be stored in user friendly format which can be accessible by non-external users. This data warehouse will help in collecting all the new data and merge it with the old data.. The management of EIS (Enterprise Information system) to check its sustainability can be done to maximize the benefits gained from an ERP system. TQM: Quality is the only one of the five operations performance criteria to have its own dedicated chapter in this book. There are two reasons for this. First, in some organizations a separate function is devoted exclusively to the management of quality. Second, quality is a key concern of almost all organizations. High-quality goods and services can give an organization a considerable competitive edge. Good quality reduces the costs of rework, waste, complaints and returns and, most importantly, generates satisfied customers. Some operations managers believe that, in the long run, quality is the most important single factor affecting an organizations performance relative to its competitors. Case Study TQM Summary: Rendall owned Preston graphics plant is located in Vancouver. Before, in March 2000 the plant was bought from Georgetown co-operation. This is a small-scale production plant of precision coated paper required in ink-jet printers. The precise coating was applied by coating machines after which they were cut into coated rods in conversion departments. They were then packed and shipped in small containers. Scenario before Implementation: The main customer of the plant was HP(Hewlett-Packard) and they were the one who pointed out the problems they were facing from the paper supplied to them. They were unable to curl the coated paper at low humidity conditions. This problem was noticed by HP personnel as there was no formal complaint made by Hps customers. The plant then hired a team which resolved the problem in the next 7-8 months. The process started producing in acceptable limits but this was due to the fact that they were only concerned about shipping the product within the specification limits. They had a culture which did not care about how close they were to the specification limits and eventually not be able to meet them. This resulted in the plant making loss of $2 million in a year even though they had buoyant sales. This was mainly due to lower productivity and high scrap and rework. To overcome them the management team hastily made a number of changes like increasing the speed of operation line to improve productivity. But still the process charts given by HP showed that the plant was not capable enough to satisfy their need for the next 3 generations. The plant was then bought by Rendall which was not happy with the plants continuing losses and the important customers dissatisfaction (HP).The plant continued to have productivity and quality problems. The full extent of the problem was made visible to the Preston quality manager by the HP engineer in a meeting at Chicago. They clearly explained him the process control charts they had which were given to them by Preston themselves. They convinced the Preston manager that people at Preston were not giving importance to the data showed by process control charts otherwise they would have realized their quality problems. The quality manager then decided to bring the plant under control. He along with his team then reviewed the decisions they made right from the start when the curl problem appeared and they adjusted the process. The team used a set of shut-down rules which enabled the operations to halt a line if they thought the product they were making was of inferior quality. This resulted in throwing away almost 64 large size rolls and about $10000 worth of scrapped product. The guidelines for shut down procedure were that they had to get rid of the defect and when that is done they are allowed to operate. This might cause the managers to tell the workers to improve their productivity but they would harshly criticize the workers if they were violating the quality process procedures. The two more change they implemented were: Daily reviewing of the control chart data The control chart data was then debated by the staff that was kept away from production while doing this. There was uncertainty among quite a few due to no production but it was vital as it got all the 3 shift operators talking about quality issues and control chart data. This caused a positive atmosphere among the workers and boosted the morale of the shop floor team. It led to remarkable improvements on quality front and improved efficiency of plant. The further progressive action taken in quality management by the plant was the implementation of Statistical process control. Then they did zero-based assessment to bring the costs down by reducing labor costs. They began downsizing process. The less number in workforce means that they should produce good quality paper in the first place to avoid inspection process. The plant workforce then decided to develop a portfolio for the ideas of new product which would boost their confidence. The most significant idea was of protowrap in which the new print wrap was able to be repulped. Benefits: Preston Company made profits after Christmas of 2000 after a period of 2 years. Moreover, they had made such a progress that they were beginning to get noticed at corporate level. This caused HP (Hewlett-Packard) to ask them to bid for their new product. It had continuous three months of profits and they also received the new contract from HP. The plants new quality procedures and principles allowed them to produce products more economically. The most significant benefit Preston received by implementing TQM was that they were able to reverse the decision made by Rendall-their owners to shut them down. The plant not only survived but flourished due to implementation of Quality based principles. Suggestions: Implementing QMS(Quality Management System) having corrective actions: This will be required when we encounter problems relating non-conformance of our supplier products. After faced with the problem, we must be able to locate the problem and find its root cause with immediate effect. This is done by (CAPA) corrective action items. The system implemented should be such that it should itself assess the cost of quality and try to initiate the recovery cost process with the supplier. Involving suppliers in quality systems: Suppliers should be encouraged to implement quality systems within their company so that they can easily reach the quality of products required and also save paying the recovering costs. (Metric Stream, 2010)

Sources Of Influence On The Consumer Marketing Essay

Sources Of Influence On The Consumer Marketing Essay If you request a garment buyer during shopping at supermarket about their respective reason behind of their purchasing, most likely shopper will have problems to elucidate all his purchasing decisions. Researchers described this shopping decision based on the customer subconsciously decision which is made by almost 85% of the shoppers (Solomon et al, 2009). As a consequence of this consumer behaviour has been defined as the method which individual or groups of customer go throughout to choose, acquire, use and borrow the goods, selective services, purchasing ideas or increase the customer experiences to persuade their respective their needs (Solomon, 2009). Additionally, consumer decision for the low involvement goods, customer consumption choices are somewhat made by a customer uncomplicated purchase decision making process; however the shot involvement can also be made which is influenced by environment, marketing, promotion (Alvarez, B R. V. 2005). Kwok Keung Tam (2007) explained clothing is now become a fashion items rather than just a necessity good which used for keeping bodies warm and hiding the internal things. Todays garments become social status and most of the people go for the different garment purchase to showcase their respective personal image (OCass, 2000). This research paper makes an attempt to study how Garment becomes the personal image reflectors and the motive behind customer decision making behind the different garment brands. This paper will examines the different factors which influence the Irish customer behaviour with respect of Brand, Family influence, Bargain power, Store ambience etc . for the garment brand. In this research, we examine the consumer behaviour towards the clothing brand in Ireland as Tam (2007) highlighted in his research that Shopping for garments is one of the well-liked pastimes by Irish people from the different age and class group. This research intended to understand customer behaviour in fashion clothing als o this depends on the four major factors which push the female and male customer to purchase different set of garment for their respective uses, major factor which will analyse in this study i.e. Personal Identify , Physical factors , fashion lifestyle and the store ambience (Holmberg ÃÆ'-hnfeldt, 2010). Different shopping places in Ireland which has different formats of garment stores such as North face etc were selected for the filed study. Outcome of this result will be showcase how the different branding and marketing factor impact the customer behaviour during their purchase of clothing brand. Some of these factors would be Brand, Price, Quality, social status, promotion strategy and it will be directly correlated with the customer behaviour. Subsequently this study will help international clothing brand to understand the Irish customer much better manner which will be ultimate aim for this study to achieve. The research is taking place due we experienced that garment demand has been declined significantly in the Ireland which may be cause of the Economic condition and the change in customer behaviour. This research will analyse those top attributes which influence the customer decision making process for the garment brand. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the various factors which influence the customer buying behaviour. This would also help in understanding the elements needs for designing an effective marketing strategy for influencing customers buying decision. Such as the right pricing decision, branding decision , trend which further helps in influencing consumer behaviour and creating brand preference but the major question is what makes it a successful garment brand. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter will contain all the research work that has already been conducted. This will help to understand how to carry on with the research work and also what studies can be further conducted. 2.1 Garment Industry Since 1995, the Ireland garment industry has been grown by 59% over today it is around 5 billion EURO because of the increasing import contribution and the growing fashion status of society (Dunford, Mick 2009). Irish fashion has influenced by the European and international fashion therefore it has become progressively more complicated to define an Irish garment look, apart from the MNC clothing organisation such as North Face and the Colombia wear, also as per the IFD GFK (2013) the Irish market segment is as follows Site: http://www.retailexcellence.ie/images/uploads/downloads/REI_Retail_Industry_Productivity_Review_Q3_Template_FINAL.pdf However ambiguity is perhaps the major roadblock facing by the Ireland apparel industry in after the economic recession. The monetary situation in Europe is influenced by the rising manufacture costs and flat garment prices, and less product innovation are the causes of the decline in this industry. 2.1 Consumer behaviour Donal Rogan (2007) explains the relationship between consumer behaviour and marketing strategy. He states that strategy is about increasing the probability and frequency of buyer behaviour. Requirements for succeeding in doing this are to know the customer and understand the consumers needs and wants. Chisnall (1995) points out that human needs and motives are inextricably linked and that the relationship between them is so very close that it becomes difficult to identify the precise difference which may characterize them. People may buy new coats because it protects them against the weather, but their real underlying dominant need may be to follow the latest fashion trend. Buyers characteristics are important theories from Kotler and Armstrong (2007) and it explains the way that the consumer interprets and receives stimuli from advertisements. The decisions of consumers are influenced by a number of individual characteristics that are linked to the consumers specific needs (Kotler Armstrong, 2007). 2.2 Consumer characteristics Consumer characteristics are explained by: Cultural characteristics, Social characteristics, Personal characteristics, and Psychological Characteristics. The marketer, in order to identify the consumer and to be able to decide on the strategy to what kind of consumer to target, identifies these characteristics. Hence, these characteristics are used in order to segment the market and target specific consumer groups. 2.3 Cultural Characteristics The Cultural Characteristics are recognized as the main influencer of consumer behavior. Three features underpinning consumer behavior develop these characteristics: Culture, Subculture, and Social Class. The psychological processes are heavily involved in consumers behavior. They affect through recognizing needs, finding ways to understanding these needs, making purchase decisions of buying a product or not, if so, which brand and where, construe information, make strategies and implementing them by engaging in comparison shopping or in fact purchasing a product (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Sources of Influence on the Consumer: The cultural influences are often been taken for granted as they are always important. An American will generally not bargain with a store owner but on the other hand this is a common carry out in much of the world (Graves, 2010). Our behavior also gets persuaded by physical factors. We are much expected to buy a soft drink when we are thirsty, for example, and food manufacturers have found that it is more useful to advertise their product when people are getting hungry i.e at the late afternoon. A persons  self-image  will also be likely to influence what he or she will buy as to project an image of success an upwardly manager may buy a ostentatious car (Albanese, 2003). Social factors often lie behind the consumers buying preferences, and buyers look up to strong psychological signs to relate their choice with. It makes a huge impact if their choice is backed by a strong famous personality. The difference in cultures plays an important role. The habitants of western countries s uch as American prefer to have ham, egg, toast, coffee etc. in their breakfast unlike some Asian countries where they have homemade bread with tea or rice with curry as breakfast. The differences in subculture follow with difference in choices of music, movies etc (Albanese, 2003). The marketing experts work as the preferences of the target area consumers. Consumer Preference The Choice and Decision Making: There are numerous factors involved in consumer decision making Problem identification The realization of the need of something makes us think of looking at the options. If the old cloths has been troubling lately, automatically the thought of replacement comes into mind Information Search we may look for the alternatives to solve the problem. It may be resolved through buying of a new vehicle e.g. car, motorbike or may be a used car. We might also think of public transport as alternative. A skateboard may be rode to the work every day. Evaluation of alternatives Public transport cannot be relied upon in case of strike etc. Skateboard will be of no use on a rainy day. Purchase The purchase ends a consumer cycle with finally making up the mind and completing the transaction. It may be subdivided into two more stages of post-purchase and testing before the final decision is made depending on satisfaction and trial check. (Mazzocchi, 1999). Understanding the vital motivational factors is very important to understand the logic of the buying behavior. The customer gives a certain level of importance to everything he needs in life. A car or home is the type of substantial objects in the category of most expensive and most desired and planned purchases. But similarly an acme medication can have, logically, a very substantial level of importance attached to it as well. Such important purchases play a very significant part in establishing a persons self esteem (Mazzocchi, 1999). The advertisements are designed to satisfy this self esteem of a buyer and give it a boom. The adverts need to show the positive and psychologically desired end result which a product is expected to fulfill. Searching options and Making Decisions: The subconscious plays a very important part in searching the stored information i.e. in the mind of the buyer. He may consult a directory or decide from any of the experienced products from his memory. E.g. while making decision about dining out, the customer might not search the yellow pages but just decide on one from his memory, either recommended by a friend or a previous experience (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Similar case will happen in case he wants to buy a car. He will consult every one, he thinks, has a valued opinion about the options. The reviews will be analyzed, dealerships will be visited, familys choice will be considered and then finally the purchase will happen. Firms may invest keeping in mind the consumers selection process. The objects which are highly likely to be selected through external search will be promoted through related means such as brochures, news coverage, websites etc. (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009). Some of the decisions are made with the help of compensatory and non-compensatorystrategy of buying. This involves trading off of some attributes of the product with the others. (Cohen, 1981). E.g. A car may boast of having a very low mileage and attractive price but slow acceleration. The decision will be made on the basis of use of the car. In a metropolitan city, slow acceleration might be ignored as the speed limits do not slow to accelerate above a specific limit. Similarly a cloth item may be rejected on the basis of its composition of materials no matter how best it fits and falls completely within budget. Some no-compromise situations might change consumer buying behavior abruptly (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009). Reasons behind Consumer Decision Making Process: In order to search a information and make a decision for the consumers to buy a product it depend on no of factors such as the (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006) Market: It involves the competition within an industry. It deals with the competing products from different brand labels, their characteristics such as packaging, price etc. Product uniqueness: How much the consumer is interested in analyzing the attributes of any particular product before making the purchase? Some other interesting factors affecting the buying decisions are hunt for variety and impulse buyers. The variety seekers are customers who are always ready to try a new version of the old product. These form an interesting group and smart marketing tactics can pursue them to buy slightly modified version of the old product even if it is not needed (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). The impulse buyers are very unpredictable group. They might leave home to buy vegetable but only decide to buy which one when they reach the store. A sub category of these will buy any product available, for future use, which they think will not become available for a long time (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009). Some purchases are made only when customers reach inside the store and remember buying any product they had forgotten to put on the list (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009). Consumers choice: Consumes sometimes feel motivated. While buying a gift for a friend or relative might motivate them to have one of the products for themselves. A significant percentage of consumers believe in price comparisons and visit various shops finding for the best priced products. The other type is the convenience lovers who do not mind paying a little extra for getting it closer to their house or where they want it from. The impact of personality shall also be considered as some of the customers prefer variety over repetition and some prefer excitement and simulation in visiting new stores (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Another influential factor is perception. Discussions, reviews and experiences of people around the buyer tend to develop a certain perception about some products. When he goes to buy for himself, the perception factor certainly counts. The products perceived as good will automatically be considered first before the ones thought as not up to the mark (Susan Baker, 2003). The learning and experience plays a vital role in changing perceptions. The values hel by people also count. E.g. some people only buy recyclable products, some prefer vegetarian stuff. Some ask for products from specific countries only etc. (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Familys life cycle: Every individual and family goes through a life-cycle.   Ã‚  http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/Simple_FLC.png [Source: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/] Just to discuss, a couple may be living together as husband and wife or just lovers. (Jobber , 2006 ). In the real life, the situation might evolve into further developments such as divorces etc. resulting in singlehood. In this case more scenarios come forwards. http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/FLC_Changes.png [Source: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/] Single parenthood may be a result of a divorce or a death of one parent. These situations further evolve into big contributors of financial situation of a family. The custodian or guardian might come under extra financial pressure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/FLC_Changes2.png Family decision making: Above discussed factors are just a few of numerous scenarios which the families might face during the course of life. Apart from other affected elements of ones life, from marketing point of view, the decision making of a family is the one which affected as well. While making the buying decisions of the family, the entire family members point of view is taken in consideration. These individuals hold the power of decision which forms the buying behavior of the family. (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Whether to buy; Which product to buy (pick-up or passenger car?); Which brand to buy; Where to buy it; and When to buy. Note, however, that the job of the decision maker is separate from that of the  purchaser. The marketers may find it difficult to impress both at the same time. The promotional tactics for targeting the purchaser at the point-of-purchase (POP) are easier to achieve results then influencing the decision maker (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Family set-up: One important factor in decision making difficulties attached with different kind of family setup. The family unit having enough cash flow might not find it difficult to meet the diverse requirements and choices of different family members but familys with financial pressures and budgeted shopping routines find it very difficult, especially families with children (Parsons and Maclaran, 2009). There is no realistic way to resolve issues related to differences. One family member might consider it worthwhile spending on a family vacation and the other might find it productive to buy computers for children (Mazzocchi, 1999). In this kind of situation, no one is wrong; it is jut conflict of opinion. These kinds of situations become even more complicated by the involvement of either children or relatives. Bargaining and convincing: Family members tend to opt for different tactics when trying to get their way at the time of purchase. Some of them go for the bargaining option. They try to bargain getting something on condition of someone else getting something for him. E.g. a wife may say that she will buy a new pick-up truck if her husband is ready to complete a gourmet cooking course. Similarly a child will make an unrealistic promise of walking it daily if he is provided with a pet hippopotamus. The elements of human psychology are important to know here. All these tactics might be used for no ill will with others. Family members try to persuade others by talking convincingly and reasoning and wear down the oppositions point. There are many faces of manipulative strategies used (Albanese, 2003). Impression management is one of them. A husband might try to argue that bringing in a new TV home will help educate and help children learn but the real motive behind the contention might be watching sports programs. T he second way of getting things done may be use of authority. One member of the family might be the assertive one and his use of authority may be the final decision making point. Another way of convincing someone is use of emotion, involving crying, being angry etc. (Graves, 2010). The Means-End Chain:   The buyers often buy product not because their actual attributes but because what benefits these attributes provide and it eventually leads to the satisfaction or the decisive values. The purchase of plastic roses might be the result of factors as illustrated below: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/intro/Means-End_Chain.png [Source: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/] The most important factor which works in a means end chain is the strongest factor working in favor of the product is its most strong attribute. The decision then gradually goes forward toward the related series of attributes and the consequences attached with it. In the end, the required values are being satisfied and decision is made (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Similarly each means end chain has all these steps accumulated in it. The advertisers focus on the end result i.e. the use of flowers to pursue the customer to make the purchase. For example the act of giving the significant half a present of flowers, as portrayed in the advert, will convince the buyer more than just showing the flowers alone. 2.14 Approach and attitude:   Consumers attitudes have a very important role to play in the game of marketing. They are a combination of different factors playing their part such as beliefs, feelings and the behavioral intentions of a person towards the item. In the marketing context the item may be a product, brand, a store etc. These components are all interlinked, although independent, but their combined influence is the final impression a consumer responds to and makes the decision about making the purchase (Solomon and Bamossy, 2006). Belief in values:   One of the very important components for the means end chain is belief in the values. A buyer may hold some positive beliefs about any product, say tea tastes good, and similarly some negative beliefs as well such as tea stains when spills. Some beliefs have a neutral opinion about them such as teas color etc. Some of the beliefs depend on the circumstances such as tea is considered as good in cold weather and cold and flu (Susan Baker, 2003). Some beliefs that consumers hold might not be true in fact. E.g. people think that pork contain less fat than other form of meat which is not true. Influences and feelings:   Consumers tend hold certain established feelings towards products and brands. These feelings tend to change with the passage of time on the basis of their experiences. E.g. a person can feel revolted by thinking about a very greasy and extra fat hamburger he might have had somewhere. Some feelings, however, are independent of the influences. For example an environmentalist might be against cutting off of trees for saving the world campaign but at the same time he might not object to cutting off of Christmas trees as she might unconsciously attach the feeling with the childhood Christmases he had spent decorating the trees (Susan Baker, 2003). CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Any research involves a number of options which needs to be visualized for achievement of the scope and focus of study. It is also needed for achieving the desired and relevant results. There are various options available to a researcher for selection of the research approach. The author has selected the following research model for availing the options and chooses the most reasonable option for the research approach. The model is known as Research Onion which is shown below in Figure 1.1. Sampling Secondary Data Observation Questionnaires Longitudinal Cross sectional Literature review Grounded theory Survey Inductive Deductive Realism Research philosophy Research Approaches Research strategies Time horizons Data collection methods Positivism Interpretivism Figure 1.1 The Research Process Onion Source: Saunders, et. al., (2003) The research would look into providing a brief on the layers of the research process so as to provide a better understanding for choosing the rational in a particular research. As per Saunders, et. al., (2003), research is a mix of positivism, interpretive and realism research philosophy. According to Remenyi et. al. (1998), if one prefers working with an observable social reality and that the end product of such research can be law-like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical or natural scientists, than positivism research philosophy should be the right one to follow. According to Chisnall, 2003 the above philosophy may not be entirely applicable to all business circle due to the complexity involved and due to the reason that everything cannot be placed under one umbrella. So this advocated towards interpretive research philosophy, who believes that rich insights into the complex world of business and management are lost if its complexity is reduced entirely to a s eries of law-like generalisations. (Saunders, et. al., 2003) According to Saunders, et. al., 2003, realism research philosophy should be also mentioned, due to the fact that it is based on the belief that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and believes (Saunders, et. al., 2003). For this research the discussion involves the customer perception so the researcher would select the realism research philosophy during the course of research (Chisnall, P., 2003; Saunders, et. al., 2003). So from the above reflections upon the philosophies of research, the researcher concluded on research to be mainly based on interpretivism research philosophy along with some further respect to be paid to the realism research philosophy. The framed questionnaire helps to identify customer different behaviour towards the purchasing decision of the Garment Brand in the Ireland. The major areas to explore consumer behaviour are following below. Brand: As the clothing not only now the necessities goods and become the fashion statement therefore brand is very important to measure the consumer behaviour for the garment shoppers. Family: As per the research most of the IRISH customer tends to take the advice from the family or close group people before they tend to purchase any cloth therefore it is important to mention these factors. Product uniqueness: Unique attributes which push the customer to choose the different clothing brand. Bargaining and convincing: Customer tries to bargain getting something on condition of someone else getting something Belief in values/ Influences and feelings: How brand try to influence the purchasing behavior of the customer (*through advertisement, promotion, store ambience etc) Research Question Prime objective of this paper to establish relationship amongst the customer behaviour and the attributes which influence the behaviour most for the IRISH customer such as the family, brand, uniqueness etc; therefore it is important to set the hypothesis to judge the outcome of the primary research. Brand influence the customer decision making most Family is the most important factor to influence the consumer purchasing decision Customer tends to bargain with the brand. Customer behaviour can be influenced by the advertisement, store ambience, etc. Null HYPOTHESIS Brand influence will not influence the customer decision for the garment purchase. Family is not the only important factor which influence the customer behaviour. Research approach Survey design has been widely used and adopted by many academicians in the research field of Garment (Gardberg and Fombrun, 2002; Sabate and Puente, 2003; Lee, 2004 cited in Yeo and Youssef, 2010). Through the literature review, a theoretical framework from the works of Berry and Kimpakorn and Tocquer were analyzed. Administering written questionnaires have been widely used mainly due to fact that anonymity is permitted, thus resulting in more honest responses. Additionally, well designed questionnaires are also able to reduce biasness due to the creativity that may arise from phrasing these questions. Surveys are also common as they are adaptable, easily implemented and provide the researcher with an opportunity to gain insight because of the large amount of feedback collected. Notwithstanding, limitations to this form of research arise from low rate of response primarily due to the fact that questions could be misunderstood. Procedures for data collection and analysis Data Collection: As the research study consist both the qualitative and quantitative research hence both the primary as well secondary data will be collected in this study in order to make the research comprehensive and exploratory. The data collection methodology for each type of data is given below: Primary Data: The primary for this study will be collected in the second phase of the study where the Questionnaires will be conducted with the consumers of garment industry in Ireland, of all age group and income group to gain the in-depth view and study about the consumer behaviour towards the garment purchase. The primary data will be collected through research survey instrument. The survey instrument as the questionnaire will be structured as it will consist of both closed as well as open ended questions. The survey will target at least 100 respondents across the city. The data collection would require field work where the research would get the questionnaire filled from customers visiting the two garment store selected for this research which are North face and the Columbia sports in the areas in Dublin, Ireland Secondary Data: The secondary for this study will be collected for the accomplishment of the first phase of the study where the detailed analysis of several factors influences the consumer buying decisions in fast food Industry. The secondary data for this study will be procured from the various news articles, marketing journals, reports, web, and the various literatures available in the context of the research topic. Sample Size: Minimum 50 people from each outlet would be targeted so the sample population for this research would be 100 respondents. As per Bryman.A and Bell.E (2007) research sample is defined as choice of small group from a large population for running the primary research. The small group selected from the large population is known as sample. As per Bryman.A and Bell.E (2007), no research can cover the total population as it would be time consuming and some part of population may not be relevant for research. The sample selected for this research is 100 respondents and the age group of these people would be 12-55 years. Evaluation of approach and analysis Data analysis would be analyzed through the statistical system i.e. SPSS. Using correlation analysis, customers in this Irish garment in industry would be analyzed to determine whether a customer behaviour and factor such as brand, family from the different garment brand correlated to each other. Ethics In this research all the first hand information only used for academic purpose. And I will focus on the authentic research where proper refreshing can been done. Limitation First limitation of study is to cover only Dublin as city for the study also it has only cover the sample size of 100 people out of the entire universe. Assumption Biggest assumption for this study is to have self believe on the response that we collect from the customer which always hold true without any further validation. CONCLUSION So to conclude this research would be based on quantitative method. A mix of primary and secondary data will be used for collecting data. Questionnaire method would be the tool of collecting data along with secondary data like journals, past research, books and internet. Chapter 4: Research Plan TIME FRAME Months Mar Apr May Weeks 2nd Week 4th Week 1st week 3rd week 4th week 1st week 2nd week 3rd week Problems defining Review of Literature Research Designing Method Defining Data Sources Collection of Data Data Analysis Framing the Conclusion of the research Writing Draft Editing Final Printing and Binding BIBLIOGRAPHY Alvarez, B. A Casielles, R. V. (2005). Consumer e valuations of