The Wedding Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Wedding Story - Essay Example Significance of the use of Simile in Literature IV. Conclusion V. References The Use of Simile in Julianne Homokay’s The Wedding Story A literary device is a technique that the writer uses for a given literary purpose (Niazi & Gautam, 2010). Literary devices can be any form of method or procedure that the writer/artist uses to express ideas through language, and produce a desired effect on the reader/audience. Examples of common literary devices used are Allegory, Analogy, Climax, Foreshadowing, Hyperbole, Metaphor, and Simile. As in any piece of good literature, Julianne Homokay’s The Wedding Story is also filled with literary devices that make the drama come to life. Homokay used a number of different literary devices to make the drama a comedic take on criticizing the conventional pictures that men and women are pictured as, especially in the confines of marriage. Thus, The Wedding Story may be considered as a farce, because it is a comedy in which the plot took an u nfortunate, almost exaggerated twist. One particular literary device used repeatedly in the drama is Simile. Simile is a literary device known as a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two dissimilar objects using as, like, or as though (Bertens, 2008). Since similes are essentially a group of descriptive words, they are able to paint a clearer picture in our minds as opposed to when they are left out in a text. Since the actual object used in the text may be an abstract one, using simile to liken it to a more concrete and visually engaging object gives the reader a chance to create a more vivid picture of the scenario in his or her mind. Simile, as a figure of speech, is very similar to metaphor, except that comparisons are made without the use of as, like, or as though. In The Wedding Story, simile was used in the dialogue to emphasize particular points. The narrator, who may be considered as the protagonist in the story, reads from his book and talks of a â€Å"wom an, pretty as a day in June.† This comparison paints the woman in the minds of the reader as someone who is young, fresh, and vibrant, comparable to the vibrance of June’s summer. Of course, the bride and groom (who may be labeled as the antagonists of the drama), clarifies that the bride bears no resemblance to a pretty day in June because she was a middle aged woman who had to get married for convenience. The bride C. How did the use of Simile as a literary device contribute to the drama VI. Significance of the use of Simile in Literature VII. Conclusion VIII. References A prominent literary device used in the drama was

Employee Mentoring Essay Example for Free

Employee Mentoring Essay Jankowicz (2005) mentions, that methodology is the process or approach to undertake a research or study. Prior to follow a methodology, it is essential to understand the research philosophy, which according to Grinnell (1993 cited Kumar, 1999, p. 6) â€Å"research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and creates new knowledge that is generally applicable†. When researching it could be apply to any situation, either for professional or personal purpose. In this case, the main purpose of doing research is to develop an investigation about real situations that may increase or change the knowledge of a particular management problem (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). Therefore, the diverse research methods will be discussed in this chapter, which among other strategies it involves collection and analysis of the research data (Blaxter et al, 2001; Collis and Hussey, 2003). Research Philosophy  The understanding of philosophical positioning of research is useful in the way that helps researchers to clarify alternative designs and methods for a particular investigation and identify which are more likely to work in practice (Ghauri et al, 1995). In this case, research philosophy is about the way the researcher perceives the development of the knowledge and the way the information can be acquire through different processes, besides it provides an ideology to carry out the research (Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al, 2003; Bryman, 2004). Therefore, there are two main views related to research philosophies: positivism and phenomenological, which is also known as interpretivism approach (Denscombe, 2002; Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al, 2003; Jankowicz, 2005). Saunders et al. (2003) point out that the phenomenological approach proposes the discovery of subjective meanings in for example humans’ behavior in order to understand and give interpretations to their actions and reactions to particular situations (Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al. , 2003). Nevertheless, it is important to have in mind that one is not a better philosophy than the other. The philosophy â€Å"depends on the research question that the researcher is seeking to answer† (Saunders et al, 2003, p. 85). From the above mentioned, the research philosophy of this study is based on the develop of skills and knowledge without aiming to generalized and seeking for the truth, but to focus on understanding of human behavior based on the descriptions and experiences of people in specific situations (Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al. 2003; Jankowicz, 2005). Hence, this research will take an interpretivism philosophy, because the study is related with employee mentoring and attitudes towards job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The role of social learning processes and characteristics of a good mentor may have a great influence on the above mentioned attitudes of employees, which is based on different meanings and interpretations that individuals could have on their own experiences. In addition, Collis and Hussey (2003, p. 7) said â€Å"it is an approach which assumes that the social world is constantly changing, and the researcher and the research itself are part of this change†. Not only the social world is changing, but also the global business environment is and using an interpretivism approach provides flexibility to confront those changes. Whereas the positivistic approach is characterized by seeking law-like results that can be generalized and there is an objective truth that exist in the world and can be revealed through the scientific method, where the focus is on measuring relationships, systematically and statistically, between variables. Research Approach According to Saunders et al (2003), a research is conducted to analyze existing theories, or to establish new theories as a result of recent findings. This will depend on whether the approach is deductive or inductive. A deductive approach is where the researcher develops a theory which will be tested, whereas an inductive approach is where the theory will be developed from the analysis of the data that is going to be collected. The nature of this research is not to find a specific theory but an explanation of an existing situation, for example, in today’s global business environment. Therefore, this research will place the inductive approach which is closely related with the interpretivism philosophy due to its characteristic of not assuming results that are inferred from general conjectures, but developing an explanation from the data collected where general conjectures are induced from specific cases (Jankowikz, 2000; Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al. , 2003). Research Purpose  An important part of a research and mainly seeing it from the perspective of its objectives, is to identify the purpose of it, which according to some authors can be classified as exploratory, descriptive, explanatory and predictive (Kumar, 1999; Saunders et al. , 2000; Collis and Hussey, 2003). Whereas, the exploratory study is carried out to explore areas, identify variable and look for hypothesis instead of confirming hypothesis, the predictive study forecasts the result of an event and anticipate the outcomes of that event which is under study. On the other hand, an explanatory (analytical) study focuses on studying a situation or a problem in order to discover and measure the relationship between variables, while a descriptive study identifies, describes and provides information of a particular issue (Kumar, 1999; Saunders et al. , 2000; Collis and Hussey, 2003). Therefore, the purpose of this research, taking into account its objectives is exploratory due to the fact that it tries to examine the impact of employee mentoring on their attitudes towards job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The role of social learning processes is also very important in the relationship between mentoring and job attitudes. The qualities of a mentor also play a great role in this relationship. Hence, it would lead to find strategic recommendations for the organization involve in this investigation. Data Collection To answer the research question and achieve the objectives of the research there is the need to collect data, (Saunders et al. , 2000). There are two main data resources, secondary and primary data. Secondary data is the one that already exists from previous investigations and it can be found in books, journals and films (Saunders at al, 2003). Primary data is the one that is recollected from the research and it can be obtained by using methods such as questionnaires, interviews, focus group, and other (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Saunders et al. (2003) points out that literature review helps to develop an understanding and insight into relevant previous research. Collis and Hussey (2003), add to Saunders’s point of view saying that exploring the existing literature will help to have a better overview on previous research that has been conducted and its impact on the studied research problem. In addition, Saunders et al (2003) classify the secondary data into three types: documentary, survey-based and multi-source. For this investigation, it will be useful the documentary secondary data because written documents such as articles taken from the Internet, journals, books among others, could be relevant information to be used.

Different Marriage Perceptions In Contemporary And Traditional China

Different Marriage Perceptions In Contemporary And Traditional China The main purpose of this report is to give the values of marriage in terms of contemporary Chinese perceptions. According to a survey through questionnaire of naked marriages, this report reflects the different view points of marriage between contemporary and traditional Chinese people. In order to indicate the new trend of peoples marriage views, the report will firstly analyze the results of research in terms of percentage. Then, the report will give an account of naked marriages, with people standing on different opinions. Next, it will analyze the main causes from different standpoints. It will state the root reason as well as other reasons. Finally, the report will give the comprehension of naked marriage and reach the conclusion on the basis of the researchs result and the reasons above. 2. Introduction Naked marriage refers to a phenomenon that people are directly married at a registry under condition of lacking house, car, even their wedding ring. In other word, naked marriage is to get married without debt and luxury. In this case, there are less complicated things to prepare and to undertake than previous marriage. It is a new network vocabulary which gained popularity in 2008. With the development of civilization in modern society, the first objective of a marriage has transformed into love from breeding offspring. As is known, marriage and material are always inseparable in Chinese traditional marriage perception. Before 1949 when the new country was established, both boys and girls should get married on coming of age, and they would be tied in wedlock formally through matchmakers on the basis of financial situation of the mens family. After the founding of new China, the feature of marriage was simple and thrift which followed the style in revolution time and the wedding just means a common meal. In the 1960s, the marriage began to attach importance to exquisite decorations; it was common to see that couples asked the carpenter to make wooden furniture such as wardrobe, table and chair. When it comes to 1970s, three major items including watches, bicycles and sewing machines were necessary in marriage. Approximately ten years later, however, they changed into the refrigerators, color TV sets and washing machines. In addition to home appliance, many brides must own the gold necklace, gold earrings and the gold ring, which afterwards were called three pieces of gold. At the beginning of 21st century, house, money and the car becomes the new contents of three major items. Contrasts to the Chinese family concept in the past, the modern couples emphasize freedom and independence to a higher degree and pay less attention on wedding from the standpoint of marriage. Meanwhile, marital status is regarded as one of the privacy in the eyes of young white-collar, a nd then the phenomenon of hidden marriage appears. Under such background, naked marriage is brought to the publics attention. 3. The Analysis of Research In the investigation of naked marriage, as for the question of whether naked marriage is the trend or the helpless option, 18% of the respondents choose trend while 82% of them choose helplessness. When being asked the opinion of the relationship between naked marriage and happiness, the number of people who hold the views that the naked marriages can obtain happiness accounts for 44 %. In their opinions, only love can endure the test of lacking material products, can it mean precious. The ratio of people with the opposite views is just the same. They argue that economic basis is the prerequisite for the daily life and the absence of substance will cheapen the quality of life and the degree of happiness. Another 12% people are uncertain about this. Interestingly, the research indicates that the attitude to the naked marriage between men and women are quite distinct. 80% of men are in favor of naked marriage while 70% of women feel that naked marriage is infeasible. In regard to the a pproval of naked marriage, the proportion of people who welcome the naked marriage takes 57.7%, they argue that love is the core of marriage and couples can make efforts together to buy house after marriage.in the meantime, those who disapprove of naked marriage accounted for 35.7%. The research also reveals that the majority of people who agree with the perception of naked marriage family are at the age of 20 to 35. Furthermore, most of them are urban white collar with high education and large income. 4. Literature Review As a token of modern marriage perceptions, naked marriage has been brought to public attention with people standing on both sides. Some people welcome this new form of marriage with applause, arguing that holding a wedding for others watching is costly and time-consuming. As a result, it can be omitted if couples themselves feel it is unnecessary .The money spending on houses, cars and other things is a great mass of expenditure for their parents. In this case, the things like ostentation and extravagance have nothing to do with marriage. Anyhow, marriage is related to two people and it can be conducted as long as both of them feel proper. Professor Chen who has engaged in social psychology research since 2002 illustrates the popularity of naked marriage in terms of sociology. She has been holding the opinion that it is sagacious for couples to live together simply. They should get marriage certificate from marriage registration office under the insufficient material conditions. (Chen, Fu-Mei and Li, Tsui-Shan. 2007, p400) It shows the increasing legal consciousness among the new generation of young people. Besides, Lu Rucai thinks that compared to the premarital cohabitation, naked marriage is worthy of being advocated. Moreover, it also deserves to advocate as a simple way of life in the high level of material development. Naked marriage gets rid of the material restrictions and secular ideas and makes couples get married without any burden. (Lu Rucai. 2004, p34) Other Sociologists also indicate that naked marriage should give praise and support. Professor Chia thinks that it is not only a return of rational knowledge but also a kind of social progress. According to the analysis of them, during the 1950s, due to the restricted conditions, many peoples weddings were naked marriages. However, it has not prevented the passion of this generation in work and life. (Chia, Rosina C. etc.1986, p599) In fact, the form of marriage is considered less important when taking sincere love into account. Accordingly, parents are supposed to put aside outmoded thoughts, and offer more freedom to the next generation in order to reduce their economic pressure. Feldman also points out that naked marriage encourages to forming a plain life style which is worth recommending. Thanks to naked marriage, young generation no longer acts as the NEET group (Not in Education ¼Ã…’Employment or Training). Instead, they rely on their own efforts to create the future. (Jin X, Li S, Feldman MW. 2005, p30) On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly believe that basic material is the foundation of a marriage. Professor Cao who criticizes the naked marriage on a realistic basis, argues that it is not a feasible thing to do, especially in this fast-developing material world where the divorce rate is rising alarmingly. Naked marriage will result in more life pressure and competition. (Liv Jiang and Cao Yang. 2006, p40) In this context, material preparation is equivalent to a promise for a new marriage, particularly for expensive urban living. Having a home and a car is really beneficial to a new family and it helps them grow from a pretty good start. Jill Savege predicts that naked marriage will not be always in vogue in China. It is common that China has constant custom with long history towards marriage that cannot be easily changed. Marriage has a close relationship with material in Chinese traditional marriage perception. (Shi, Qijia; Scharff, Jill Savege. 2008, p310) In this regard, even through couples have reached consensus on naked marriage, their parents would object strongly to the wedding , and the reason is that they cannot afford a diamond ring and marriage ceremony, let alone a home and a car. In their opinion, house and car represent the capability of getting established in society. In addition, the scholar Olga thinks that due to the insufficient material foundation, their children may lag behind others at the starting line at birth. Many educators like Lu also point out that good material elements have far-reaching influence on mental development of children, and they reveal that children with good material elements are inclined to form the extroverted and gregarious character which is benign to their future. (Pochagina, Olga. 2004, p140) Both sides of the scholars discuss the naked marriage from different angles and aspects which offer plenty of valuable ideas for this report. On the basis of their works and results of research, the report makes synthetic and comprehensive analysis. 5. Methodology This report is mainly to discuss the modern Chinese marriage perceptions by questionnaires and interviews of naked marriage, and it will use data analysis and the qualitative analysis. Data analysis will offer sufficient data to support the facts. And qualitative analysis will see through the appearance to perceive the essence. This kind of analysis will expound from different aspects to form an integral evaluation for the viewpoints of marriage. However it should be pointed out that questionnaires failed to take into account peoples real-life action, the data getting here is the possibility of what people are willing to do, rather than what they would do in practice. 6 Causes of the Naked Marriage 6.1 Social Pressure Young generation that has reached marriageable age is inflicted with the heavy pressure from work and life, and it is the social pressure that makes young people cannot afford to houses and cars. In recent years, the soaring housing prices in China give rise to the increase of marriage cost and become the biggest obstructions in the preparation for marrying. Therefore young people begin to choose naked marriage as a way of compromise. A survey conducted by statistical bureau shows the average wedding cost in shanghai reached a high point at 18.7 million in 2009 and the spending was in line with that of the United States. Undoubtedly, the wedding cost in Shanghai ranks the first place in China and it is twice more than Harbin that has the least wedding cost in China. Another Investigation reveals that fifty percent of Chinese newly-married couples manage to get married at the cost of emptying their parents funding. A new national statistics conducted by Ministry of Civil Affairs show that the total consumption amount produced every year due to the marriage has reached 25 million Yuan. 6.2 Pursuit of Pure Love The young generation pursues pure romantic love in this frugal way of marriage. From the view point of love, the marriage is based on the ideal of common life between men and women, and then they will form a strong admiration for each other in their heart. True love means a strong pure feeling of a desire for people to become lifelong partners regardless of material constrains, and naked marriage can prove that true love is everlasting. The Associate Researcher Johnson, who works in institute of sociology and demography, argues that naked marriage can aid in getting rid of the secular concepts and making couples get married without any material burden. (Johnson, Julie R. 2010, p27)The ones who have a naked marriage can throw common customs and reveal the true meaning of marriage, so that the so-called honeymoon, wedding and money are not necessities if people are marrying with the people they really want. Besides, No matter how poor the man is, as long as this man has perseverance an d ambition, he will not let his beloved women suffer from hardships through his hard working. Only when people eliminate factors such as ceremony and traditional material concepts and just immerse themselves in the joy of marriage itself, will such naked marriage show distingue and faithful. And people can put off difficulties which are tough to handle temporarily in marriage and do them when the conditions are abundant. 7 The Significance of Naked Marriage On the one hand naked marriage manifests the changing attitude towards marriage in modern China. Choosing naked marriage is not only a familial decision, but also an individuals choice of love and lifestyle. Contrast to Chinese traditional wedding concept, marriage stands for the spirit of mutual assistance and efforts rather than the actual wealth people possess. On the other hand it also reflects the varying concept of material nowadays. Instead of spending extra money on unnecessary products, couples should make effective use of it and meet the challenge in a positive attitude. Love is a kind of intellectual product that needs the joint efforts of couples to accumulate. Therefore, choosing naked marriage might be taking a test in the future and the state of poverty after efforts cannot be accepted by everyone. Additionally, the popularity of naked marriage partly proves the struggle of social equity from men. Obviously, men have undertaken excessive pressure of marriage in modern life. As everyone knows, society calls on the equality between men and women for a long time, but these days the actual fact is that society pays close attention to ensuring women enjoy equal rights in employment and promotion with men, whereas the uneven marriage cost that men has taken on is neglected by most people. It seems that the mens natural responsibility is to buy houses for their families in the perspective of traditional Chinese people, and therefore many young men would like choose to support naked marriage in order to reduce their pressures of being mortgage slaves. But for women, they dont have a deep understanding of marriage cost due to the lack of houses supplement burden. In this regard, women dont need to carry too much pressure, thus they inclined to support the concept that it is appropriate to own houses at the time of getting married. 8 Conclusion This report is mainly to discuss the issue of naked marriage in the current China. It makes a detailed analysis based on the questionnaire survey with respect to whether naked marriage is appropriate and reasonable for love. It is apparent that people hold various views on this phenomenon. And it is a great challenge to the traditional family values. This trend is regarded as the sublimation of love which lacks the material and secular opinions and goes back to the essence of love itself. Of course, when considering choosing naked marriage, people should take account of both the enthusiasm of enterprising spirit and the growth of wealth to make full preparation for the unpredictable future of life. In conclusion, whether adopting naked marriage or not depends on the couple, and if their economic backgrounds and mutual perception of money is similar, naked marriage will bring them the happiness. It makes couples work hard together and start them off on an equal financial platform. But if their relationship is not strong enough, then naked marriage will have a higher probability of failing. 9 Appendices APPENDIX A: Questionnaire Dear Sir/ Madam, Thank you for your attention and opening this questionnaire. The project aims to give the values of marriage in terms of contemporary Chinese perceptions. Your opinion will be of great help in my project. Your response will and your information will be coded and will remain confidential. Thank you very much for your time and support. It will take approximately 10 minutes to complete the questionnaire. Please mark the appropriate answer to the questions below. 1. What will you place more weight on when you marry to your fiancà ©? A. House B. Pure love C. Wedding ceremony D. Car E. Honeymoon 2. Do you think naked marriage is the trend in modern society or the helpless option? A. The trend of marriage B. The helpless option with regard to modern society C. Not Sure 3. Do you think naked marriage can obtain happiness? A. Definitely Yes B. Yes C. Should be D. Not Sure E. No 4. Do you approve of naked marriage? A. Definitely Yes B. Yes C. Should be D. Not Sure E. No Thank you very much for completing this questionnaire. If you have some questions that we do not list, please write it down below. Thank you APPENDIX B: Interview Questions 1. What is the reason for couples to choose naked marriage in your opinion? 2. What do you think of the marriage?

Benefits of Using Microsoft Excel Essay examples -- essays papers

Benefits of Using Microsoft Excel Since the beginning of the American school system; educators have tried to improve their teaching techniques in order, to be more effective in the classroom. With the recent technological advances we have benefited from in the past couple of decades; the educational system has greatly improved. For the last ten to fifteen years, the school system has successfully phased in the curriculum frequent computer usage in the classrooms, in order to improve the students ability to adapt to the growing use of computers in the work force. Teachers have based a lot of their assignments to the use of computers; nowadays it would be a rarity not to find a least one computer lab in a school building. The Microsoft Corporation’s software has been the leading operating system used in the work place, school and in home arena for most of the computer era. Microsoft has developed an array of different kinds of software that have been extremely helpful to computer users over the years. They have developed a word processing software in Microsoft Word, a webpage designer in Microsoft FrontPage, and data processing unit in Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Excel 2003 is a spreadsheet program that gives you support for XML and new features that make it easier to analyze and share information; these enhancements to statistical functions allow you to analyze information much more effectively. Microsoft Excel can be a very efficient teaching instrument when teaching mathematics, science, along with many other valuable uses for instructors, in a classroom environment. Microsoft Excel can be very effectively when teaching science at any level. Almost in all level of science; whether it is elementary school or at the col... ...login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&an=ED473021. Oosterhof, A. (2000, April). Automating E‑Mail to Students. Retrieved April 6, 2005, from EBSCOhost database: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&an=EJ613262. Stephens, L. J. (2003, July/August). Microsoft Excel as a Supplement to Intermediate Algebra. Retrieved April 6, 2005, from EBSCOhost database: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=qeh&an=BEDI03119544. Summerville, J., Morrow, J., & Howell, D. (2002). Using Excel in the Classroom. Retrieved April 6, 2005, from EBSCOhost database: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&an=ED464613. Warner, B. C., & Meehan, A. M. (2001, September). Microsoft Excel as a Tool for Teaching Basic Statistics. Retrieved April 6, 2005, from EBSCOhost database: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=qeh&an=BEDI01029542.

Comptia a+

CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) Objectives Exam Number: 220-701 Introduction In order to receive CompTIA A+ certification a candidate must pass two exams. The first exam is CompTIA A+ Essentials, exam number 220-701. The CompTIA A+ Essentials examination measures necessary competencies for an entry-level IT professional with the equivalent knowledge of at least 500 hours of hands-on experience in the lab or field.Successful candidates will have the knowledge required to understand the fundamentals of computer technology, networking, and security, and will have the skills required to identify hardware, peripheral, networking, and security components. Successful candidates will understand the basic functionality of the operating system and basic troubleshooting methodology, practice proper safety procedures, and will effectively interact with customers and peers. CompTIA A+ is ISO 17024 Accredited (Personnel Certification Accreditation) and, as such, undergoes regular reviews and updates to the exam objectives.The following CompTIA A+ Essentials objectives reflect the subject areas in the 2009 Edition of the exam and result from subject matter expert workshops and industry-wide survey results regarding the skills and knowledge required of an entry-level IT professional. The percentages in this document represent the relative importance of the subject areas (domains) in the associated body of knowledge, and together establish the foundation of an entry-level IT professional. This examination blueprint includes domain weighting, test objectives, and example content.Example topics and concepts are included to clarify the test objectives and should not be construed as a comprehensive listing of all the content of this examination. Candidates are encouraged to use this document to guide their studies. The contents of the examination blueprint help prioritize topics and provide a guide of what to expect on the CompTIA A+ Essentials exam. The table below lists the domains measured by this examination and the extent to which they are represented. The CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) exam is based on these objectives. Domain 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. Hardware Troubleshooting, Repair & Maintenance Operating System and Software Networking Security Operational Procedure Percentage of Examination 27% 20% 20% 15% 8% 10% 100% Total **Note: The lists of examples provided in bulleted format below each objective are not exhaustive lists. Other examples of technologies, processes or tasks pertaining to each objective may also be included on the exam although not listed or covered in this objectives document. CompTIA is constantly reviewing the content of our exams and updating test questions to be sure our exams are current and the security of the questions is protected.When necessary, we will publish updated exams based on existing exam objectives. Please know that all related exam preparation materials will still be valid. CompTIA A+ 220-701 Obje ctives Version 2. 0 1 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 1. 0 Hardware 1. 1 Categorize storage devices and backup media ? FDD ? HDD o Solid state vs. magnetic ? Optical drives o CD / DVD / RW / Blu-Ray ? Removable storage o Tape drive o Solid state (e. g. humb drive, flash, SD cards, USB) o External CD-RW and hard drive o Hot swappable devices and non-hot swappable devices 1. 2 Explain motherboard components, types and features ? Form Factor o ATX / BTX, o micro ATX o NLX ? I/O interfaces o Sound o Video o USB 1. 1 and 2. 0 o Serial o IEEE 1394 / Firewire o Parallel o NIC o Modem o PS/2 ? Memory slots o RIMM o DIMM o SODIMM o SIMM ? Processor sockets ? Bus architecture ? Bus slots o PCI o AGP o PCIe o AMR o CNR o PCMCIA ? PATA o IDE o EIDE ? SATA, eSATA ? Contrast RAID (levels 0, 1, 5) ? Chipsets ? BIOS / CMOS / Firmware o POST o CMOS battery ?Riser c ard / daughterboard 1. 3 Classify power supplies types and characteristics CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 2 of 17 ? ? ? ? ? AC adapter ATX proprietary Voltage, wattage and capacity Voltage selector switch Pins (20, 24) 1. 4 Explain the purpose and characteristics of CPUs and their features ? Identify CPU types o AMD o Intel ? Hyper threading ? Multi core o Dual core o Triple core o Quad core ? Onchip cache o L1 o L2 ?Speed (real vs. actual) ? 32bit vs. 64 bit 1. 5 Explain cooling methods and devices ? Heat sinks ? CPU and case fans ? Liquid cooling systems ? Thermal compound 1. 6 Compare and contrast memory types, characteristics and their purpose ? Types o DRAM o SRAM o SDRAM o DDR / DDR2 / DDR3 o RAMBUS ? Parity vs. Non-parity ? ECC vs. non-ECC ? Single sided vs. double sided ? Single channel vs. dual channel ? Speed o PC100 o PC133 o PC2700 o PC3200 o DDR3-1600 o DDR2-667 1. 7 Distinguish between the different display devices and their characteristics ? Projectors, CRT and LCD ? LCD technologies o Resolution (e. . XGA, SXGA+, UXGA, WUXGA) o Contrast ratio o Native resolution ? Connector types o VGA CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 3 of 17 ? o o o o Settings o o o o HDMi S-Video Component / RGB DVI pin compatibility Refresh rate Resolution Multi-monitor Degauss 1. 8 Install and configure peripherals and input devices ? Mouse ? Keyboard ? Bar code reader ? Multimedia (e. g. web and digital cameras, MIDI, microphones) ?Biometric devices ? Touch screen ? KVM switch 1. 9 Summarize the function and types of adapter cards ? Video o PCI o PCIe o AGP ? Multimedia o Sound card o TV tuner cards o Capture cards ? I/O o SCSI o S erial o USB o Parallel ? Communications o NIC o Modem 1. 10 Install, configure and optimize laptop components and features ? Expansion devices o PCMCIA cards o PCI Express cards o Docking station ? Communication connections o Bluetooth o Infrared o Cellular WAN o Ethernet o Modem ? Power and electrical input devices o Auto-switching o Fixed input power supplies o Batteries ?Input devices o Stylus / digitizer CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 4 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. o o Function keys Point devices (e. g. touch pad, point stick / track point) 1. 11 Install and configure printers ? Differentiate between printer types o Laser o Inkjet o Thermal o Impact ? Local vs. network printers ? Printer drivers (compatibility) ? Consumables 2. 0 Troubleshooting, Repair and Maintenance 2. Given a scenario, explain the troubleshooting theory ? Ide ntify the problem o Question the user and identify user changes to computer and perform backups before making changes ? Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious) ? Test the theory to determine cause o Once theory is confirmed determine next steps to resolve problem o If theory is not confirmed re-establish new theory or escalate ? Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution ? Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures ?Document findings, actions and outcomes 2. 2 Given a scenario, explain and interpret common hardware and operating system symptoms and their causes ? OS related symptoms o Bluescreen o System lock-up o Input/output device o Application install o Start or load o Windows specific printing problems ? Print spool stalled ? Incorrect / incompatible driver ? Hardware related symptoms o Excessive heat o Noise o Odors o Status light indicators o Alerts o Visible damage (e. g. cable, pla stic) ? Use documentation and resources o User / installation manuals o Internet / web based o Training materials 2. Given a scenario, determine the troubleshooting methods and tools for printers ? Manage print jobs ? Print spooler ? Printer properties and settings CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 5 of 17 ? Print a test page 2. 4 Given a scenario, explain and interpret common laptop issues and determine the appropriate basic troubleshooting method ? Issues o Power conditions o Video o Keyboard o Pointer o Stylus o Wireless card issues ? Methods o Verify power (e. . LEDs, swap AC adapter) o Remove unneeded peripherals o Plug in external monitor o Toggle Fn keys or hardware switches o Check LCD cutoff switch o Verify backlight functionality and pixilation o Check switch for built-in WIFI antennas or external antenn as 2. 5 Given a scenario, integrate common preventative maintenance techniques ? Physical inspection ? Updates o Driver o Firmware o OS o Security ? Scheduling preventative maintenance o Defrag o Scandisk o Check disk o Startup programs ? Use of appropriate repair tools and cleaning materials o Compressed air o Lint free cloth o Computer vacuum and compressors ?Power devices o Appropriate source such as power strip, surge protector or UPS ? Ensuring proper environment ? Backup procedures 3. 0 Operating Systems and Software – Unless otherwise noted, operating systems referred to within include Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, XP Home, XP MediaCenter, Windows Vista Home, Home Premium, Business and Ultimate, Windows 7 Starter, Home Premium, Professional and Ultimate 3. 1 Compare and contrast the different Windows Operating Systems and their features ? Windows 2000, Windows XP 32bit vs. 64bit, Windows Vista 32 bit vs. 64bit, Windows 7 32-bit vs. 4-bit o Side bar, Aero, UAC, minimum system requirements, system limits o Windows 2000 and newer – upgrade paths and requirements ? Windows OS Upgrade Advisor ? Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 6 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. o o o Terminology (32bit vs. 64bit – x86 vs. x64) Application compatibility, installed program locations (32bit vs. 64bit), Windows compatibility mode User interface, start bar layout 3. Given a scenario, demonstrate proper use of user interfaces ? Windows Explorer o Libraries in Windows 7 ? My Computer ? Control Panel ? Command prompt utilities o telnet o ping o ipconfig ? Run line utilities o msconfig o msinfo32 o Dxdiag o Cmd o REGEDIT ? My Network Places / Home Group ? Location of basic network settings between OS versions ? Task bar / systray ? Administrative tools o Perfo rmance monitor, Event Viewer, Services, Computer Management ? MMC ? Task Manager ? Start Menu 3. 3 Explain the process and steps to install and configure the Windows OS ? File systems o FAT32 vs. NTFS ?Directory structures o Create folders o Navigate directory structures ? Files o Creation o Extensions o Attributes o Permissions ? Verification of hardware compatibility and minimum requirements ? Installation methods o Boot media such as DVD, CD, floppy or USB o Network installation o Install from image o Recover CD o Factory recovery partition ? Operating system installation options o File system type o Network configuration o Repair install ? Disk preparation order o Format drive o Partition CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 7 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association.All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? ? ? o Start installation Device Manager o Verify o Install and update device s drivers o Driver signing User data migration – User State Migration Tool (USMT) Virtual memory Configure power management o Suspend o Wake on LAN o Sleep timers o Hibernate o Standby Demonstrate safe removal of peripherals 3. 4 Explain the basics of boot sequences, methods and startup utilities ? Disk boot order / device priority o Types of boot devices (disk, network, USB, other) ? Boot options o Safe mode o Boot to restore point o Recovery options ?Automated System Recovery (ASR) ? Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) ? Recovery console 4. 0 Networking 4. 1 Summarize the basics of networking fundamentals, including technologies, devices and protocols ? Basics of configuring IP addressing and TCP/IP properties (DHCP, DNS) ? Bandwidth and latency ? Status indicators ? Protocols (TCP/IP, NETBIOS) ? Full-duplex, half-duplex ? Basics of workgroups and domains ? Common ports: HTTP, FTP, POP, SMTP, TELNET, HTTPS ? LAN / WAN ? Hub, switch and router ? Identify Virtual Private Networks (VP N) ? Basics class identification ? IPv6 vs. IPv4 o Address length differences oAddress conventions 4. 2 Categorize network cables and connectors and their implementations ? Cables o Plenum / PVC o UTP (e. g. CAT3, CAT5 / 5e, CAT6) o STP o Fiber o Coaxial cable CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 8 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Connectors o RJ45 o RJ11 4. 3 Compare and contrast the different network types ? Broadband o DSL o Cable o Satellite o Fiber ? Dial-up ? Wireless o All 802. 11 types o WEP o WPA o SSID o MAC filtering o DHCP settings ? Bluetooth ?Cellular 5. 0 Security 5. 1 Explain the basic principles of security concepts and technologies ? Encryption technologies ? Data wiping / hard drive destruction / hard drive recycling ? Software firewall o Port security o Exceptions ? Authentication technologies o User name o Password o Bio metrics o Smart cards ? Basics of data sensitivity and data security o Compliance o Classifications o Social engineering 5. 2 Summarize the following security features ? Wireless encryption o WEPx and WPAx o Client configuration (SSID) ? Malicious software protection o Viruses o Trojans o Worms o Spam o Spyware o Adware o Grayware ?BIOS Security o Drive lock CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 9 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? o Passwords o Intrusion detection o TPM Password management / password complexity Locking workstation o Hardware o Operating system Biometrics o Fingerprint scanner 6. 0 Operational Procedure 6. 1 Outline the purpose of appropriate safety and environmental procedures and given a scenario apply them ? ESD ? EMI o Network interference o Magnets ? RFI o Cordless phone interference o Microwaves ?Electrical safety o C RT o Power supply o Inverter o Laser printers o Matching power requirements of equipment with power distribution and UPSs ? Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ? Cable management o Avoiding trip hazards ? Physical safety o Heavy devices o Hot components ? Environmental – consider proper disposal procedures 6. 2 Given a scenario, demonstrate the appropriate use of communication skills and professionalism in the workplace ? Use proper language – avoid jargon, acronyms, slang ? Maintain a positive attitude ? Listen and do not interrupt a customer ? Be culturally sensitive ? Be on time o If late contact the customer ?Avoid distractions o Personal calls o Talking to co-workers while interacting with customers o Personal interruptions ? Dealing with a difficult customer or situation o Avoid arguing with customers and/or being defensive o Do not minimize customers’ problems o Avoid being judgmental o Clarify customer statements ? Ask open-ended questions to narrow the s cope of the problem ? Restate the issue or question to verify understanding CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 10 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Set and meet expectations / timeline and communicate status with the customer o Offer different repair / replacement options if applicable o Provide proper documentation on the services provided o Follow up with customer / user at a later date to verify satisfaction Deal appropriately with customers confidential materials o Located on computer, desktop, printer, etc. CompTIA A+ Acronyms Introduction The following is a list of acronyms which appear on the CompTIA A+ exams. Candidates are encouraged to review the complete list and attain a working knowledge of all listed acronyms as a part of a comprehensive exam preparation program.ACRONYM AC ACL ACPI ACT ADSL AGP AMD APIPA APM ARP ASR ATA ATAPI ATM ATX BIOS BNC BTX CD CD-ROM CD-RW CDFS CFS CMOS COMx CPU CRT DAC DB-25 SPELLED OUT alternating current access control list advanced configuration and power interface activity asymmetrical digital subscriber line accelerated graphics port advanced micro devices automatic private internet protocol addressing advanced power management address resolution protocol automated system recovery advanced technology attachment advanced technology attachment packet interface asynchronous transfer mode advanced technology extended basic input/output system Bayonet-Neill-Concelman or British Naval Connector balanced technology extended compact disc compact disc-read-only memory compact disc-rewritable compact disc file system Central File System, Common File System, Command File System complementary metal-oxide semiconductor communication port (x=port number) central processing unit cathode-ray tube discretionary access control serial communications D-shell connector, 25 pins Version 2. 0 11 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. DB-9 DC DDOS DDR DDR RAM DDR SDRAM DFS DHCP DIMM DIN DIP DLT DLP DMA DMZ DNS DOS DRAM DSL DVD DVD-RAM DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW DVI ECC ECP EEPROM EFS EIDE EMI EMP EPROM EPP ERD ESD EVGA EVDO FAT FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 FDD Fn 9 pin D shell connector direct current distributed denial of service double data-rate double data-rate random access memory double data-rate synchronous ynamic random access memory distributed file system dynamic host configuration protocol dual inline memory module Deutsche Industrie Norm dual inline package digital linear tape digital light processing direct memory access demilitarized zone domain name service or domain name server denial of service dynamic random access memory digital subscriber line digital video disc or digital versatile disc digital video disc-random acce ss memory digital video disc-read only memory digital video disc-recordable digital video disc-rewritable digital visual interface error correction code extended capabilities port electrically erasable programmable read-only memory encrypting file system enhanced integrated drive electronics electromagnetic interference electromagnetic pulse erasable programmable read-only memory enhanced parallel port emergency repair disk electrostatic discharge extended video graphics adapter/array evolution data optimized or evolution data only file allocation table 12-bit file allocation table 16-bit file allocation table 32-bit file allocation table floppy disk drive Function (referring to the function key on a laptop) Version 2. 0 12 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice.FPM FRU FSB FTP FQDN Gb GB GDI GHz GUI GPS GSM HAL HCL HDD HDMi H PFS HTML HTTP HTTPS I/O ICMP ICR IDE IDS IEEE IIS IMAP IP IPCONFIG IPP IPSEC IPX IPX/SPX IR IrDA IRQ ISA ISDN ISO ISP JBOD Kb KB fast page-mode field replaceable unit Front Side Bus file transfer protocol fully qualified domain name gigabit gigabyte graphics device interface gigahertz graphical user interface global positioning system global system for mobile communications hardware abstraction layer hardware compatibility list hard disk drive high definition media interface high performance file system hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol hypertext transfer protocol over secure sockets layer input/output internet control essage protocol intelligent character recognition integrated drive electronics Intrusion Detection System Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Information Services internet mail access protocol internet protocol internet protocol configuration internet printing protocol internet protocol security internetwork packet exchange i nternetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange infrared Infrared Data Association interrupt request industry standard architecture integrated services digital network Industry Standards Organization internet service provider just a bunch of disks kilobit Kilobyte or knowledge base Version 2. 0 13 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. LAN LBA LC LCD LDAP LED Li-on LPD/LPR LPT LVD MAC MAPI MAU Mb MB MBR MBSA MFD MFP MHz MicroDIMM MIDI MIME MMC MMX MP3 MP4 MPEG MSCONFIG MSDS MUI NAC NAS NAT NetBIOS NetBEUI NFS NIC NiCd NiMH NLX NNTP NTFS NTLDR ocal area network logical block addressing Lucent connector liquid crystal display lightweight directory access protocol light emitting diode lithium-ion line printer daemon / line printer remote line printer terminal low voltage differential media access control / mandatory access control messaging application programming interface media access unit, media attachment unit megabit megabyte master boot record Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer multi-function device multi-function product megahertz micro dual inline memory module musical instrument digital interface multipurpose internet mail extension Microsoft management console multimedia extensions Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 4 Moving Picture Experts Group Microsoft configuration material safety data sheet multilingual user interface network access control network-attached storage network address translation networked basic input/output system networked basic input/output system extended user interface network file system network interface card nickel cadmium nickel metal hydride new low-profile extended network news transfer protocol new technology file system new technology loader Version 2. 0 14 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. NTP OCR OEM OS PAN PATA PC PCI PCIe PCIX PCL PCMCIA PDA PGA PGA2 PIN PKI PnP POP3 POST POTS PPP PPTP PRI PROM PS/2 PSTN PSU PVC PXE QoS RAID RAM RAS RDRAM RDP RF RFI RGB RIMM RIP RIS RISC RJNetwork Time Protocol optical character recognition original equipment manufacturer operating system personal area network parallel advanced technology attachment personal computer peripheral component interconnect peripheral component interconnect express peripheral component interconnect extended printer control language Personal Computer Memory Card International Association personal digital assistant pin grid array pin grid array 2 personal identification number public key infrastructure plug and play post office protocol 3 power-on self test plain old telephone service point-to-point protocol point-to-point tunneling protocol primary rate interface prog rammable read-only memory personal system/2 connector public switched telephone network power supply unit permanent virtual circuit preboot execution environment quality of service redundant array of independent (or inexpensive) discs random access memory remote access service RAMBUS ® dynamic random access memory Remote Desktop Protocol radio frequency radio frequency interference red green blue RAMBUS ® inline memory module routing information protocol remote installation service reduced instruction set computer registered jack Version 2. 0 15 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. RJ-11 RJ-45 RMA ROM RS-232 or RS-232C RTC SAN SATA SC SCP SCSI SCSI ID SD card SDRAM SEC SFC SGRAM SIMM SLI S. M. A. R. T. SMB SMTP SNMP SoDIMM SOHO SP SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SPDIF SPGA SPX SRAM SSH SSID SSL ST STP SVGA SXGA TB TCP TCP/IP egistered jack function 11 registered jack function 45 returned materials authorization read only memory recommended standard 232 real-time clock storage area network serial advanced technology attachment subscription channel secure copy protection small computer system interface small computer system interface identifier secure digital card synchronous dynamic random access memory single edge connector system file checker synchronous graphics random access memory single inline memory module scalable link interface or system level integration or scanline interleave mode self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology server message block or small to midsize business simple mail transport protocol simple network management protocol small outline dual inline memory module small office/home office service pack service pack 1 service pack 2 service pack 3 service pack 4 Sony-Philips digital interface format staggered pin grid array sequenced package exchange static random access memory secure shell service set identifier secure sockets layer straight tip shielded twisted pair super video graphics array super extended graphics array terabyte transmission control protocol transmission control protocol/internet protocol Version 2. 0 16 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. TDR TFTP TPM UAC UART UDF UDMA UDP UNC UPS URL USB USMT UTP UXGA VESA VFAT VGA VoIP VPN VRAM WAN WAP WEP WIFI WINS WLAN WPA WUXGA XGA ZIF ZIP ime domain reflectometer trivial file transfer protocol trusted platform module user account control universal asynchronous receiver transmitter user defined functions or universal disk format or universal data format ultra direct memory access user datagram protocol universal naming convention uninterruptible power supply uniform resource locator universal serial bus user state migration tool unshielded tw isted pair ultra extended graphics array Video Electronics Standards Association virtual file allocation table video graphics array voice over internet protocol virtual private network video random access memory wide area network wireless application protocol wired equivalent privacy wireless fidelity windows internet name service wireless local area network wireless protected access wide ultra extended graphics array extended graphics array zero-insertion-force zigzag inline package CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 17 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes

Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes Character ArtArt is the path of the creator to his work. ChallengeAs long as a man stands in his own way, everything seems to be in his way. BeliefBelief consists in accepting the affirmations of the soul; unbelief in denying them. CharacterCharacter is higher than intellect. A great soul will be strong to live as well to think. ArtClassic art was the art of necessity: modern romantic art bears the stamp of caprice and chance. CommitmentConcentration is the secret of strength in politics, in war, in trade, in short in all management of human affairs. AttitudeCoolness and absence of heat and haste indicate fine qualities. AdventureDo not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. CharacterEach man takes care that his neighbor shall not cheat him. But a day comes when he begins to care that he does not cheat his neighbor. Then all goes well - he has changed his market-cart into a chariot of the sun. ConfidenceEvery man has his own courage, and is betrayed because he seeks in himself the courage of other people. AmbitionHitch your wagon to a star. CharacterIf you would lift me up you must be on higher ground. CharacterIf you would not be known to do anything, never do it. ChallengeIt was high counsel that I once heard given to a young person: Always do what you are afraid to do. CharacterJudge of your natural character by what you do in your dreams. CharacterMake the most of yourself, for that is all there is of you. CharacterNo change of circumstances can repair a defect of character. AmbitionNo one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourself. CalmnessNothing can bring you peace but yourself; nothing, but the triumph of principles. CalmnessPeace cannot be achieved through violence, it can only be attained through understanding. BeliefSelf-trust is the essence of heroism. ConfidenceSelf-trust is the first secret of success. BirthdaySo much of our time is preparation, so much is routine, and so much retrospect, that the path of each mans genius contracts itself to a very few hours. AdventureThe invariable mark of wisdom is to see the miraculous in the common. ArtThe sower may mistake and sow his peas crookedly; the peas make no mistake, but come up and show his line. AttitudeThis time like all times is a very good one if we but know what to do with it AttitudeTo be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment. BeliefTo believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in our private heart is for all men - that is genius. AttitudeTo different minds, the same world is a hell, and a heaven. AmbitionWe aim above the mark to hit the mark. AttitudeWhat lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. CharacterWhat you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say. ActionWhat you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say CommunicationWho you are is speaking so loudly that I cant hear what youre saying. CharacterWho you are speaks so loudly I cant hear what youre saying. AmbitionWithout ambition one starts nothing. Without work one finishes nothing. The prize will not be sent to you. You have to win it. CommitmentYou cannot do a kindness too soon, for you never know how soon it will be too late. AttitudeYour own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your permission.

What Would Your Job Be Like If It Were in the 1700s

What Would Your Job Be Like If It Were in the 1700s With 200+ years of innovations and changes since July 4th, 1776, some of the same jobs were  just as important then as they are today.   Let’s take a look at how they have changed since the United States of America declared its independence. HealthcareDuring the Revolutionary War effort, nurses were in high demand for the military to mend the sick and wounded,  earning 2 to 4 dollars per month.   Today, with the U.S. healthcare industry nearing $3 trillion and integrating with modern  innovations in technology,  a myriad of opportunities continue to grow in healthcare.   While specialized education is often required, competitive salaries follow those who pursue it.PublishingJohn Campbell brought us  The Boston News-Letter in  1704,  the colonies’ second paper which lasted 72 years.   Same as today, nearly every town in colonial times strove to have a homegrown publication.   The internet has completely revolutionized news media  with an ever gr owing number of devices and publication mediums, and in some cases, completely free and available to the public.ManufacturingOn the cusp of the industrial revolution, the American colonies began with simple textiles and hand looms to what would today become the world’s second largest global manufacturer.   Some of the top manufacturing sectors in the U.S. currently include chemical, machinery and energy.ConstructionDuring colonial times, ship building was a large sector for carpenters and builders.   Homes and buildings used primarily brick, wood and stucco.   Today, the construction industry in the U.S. employs over 7 million workers in commercial, residential, aerial and naval sectors and showing steady growth since 2008.Finance  The Continental U.S. largely financed the Revolutionary War through loans from the French government and other foreign allies, leaving control to the political elite of the Continental Congress.   Today, the complex finance industry repre sents nearly 8% of U.S. GDP, with leaders headquartered  in cities like Charlotte, Atlanta, Omaha and Minneapolis.  FarmingAlways an integral part of American industries, farming was just as important then as it is now.   Most Americans during the westward expansions had farms to support their families and service small local markets.   Today, American agriculture is a $70 billion industry expanding across the country and serving to feed the  entire globe.

Determining If a Number Is Prime

Determining If a Number Is Prime A prime number is a numeral that is greater than 1 and cannot be divided evenly by any other number except 1 and itself. If a number can be divided evenly by any other number not counting itself and 1, it is not prime and is referred to as a composite number. Factors vs. Multiples When working with prime numbers, students should know the difference between factors and multiples. These two terms are easily confused, but factors are numbers that can be divided evenly into the given number, while multiples are the results of multiplying that number by another. Additionally, prime numbers are whole numbers that must be greater than one, and as a result, zero and one are not considered prime numbers, nor is any number less than zero; the number two is the first prime number, as it can only be divided by itself and the number 1. Using Factorization Using a process called factorization, mathematicians can quickly determine whether a number is prime. To use factorization, you need to know that a factor is any number that can be multiplied by another number to get the same result. For instance, the prime factors of the number 10 are 2 and 5 because these whole numbers can be multiplied by one another to equal 10. However, 1 and 10 are also considered factors of 10 because they can be multiplied by one another to equal 10. This is expressed in the prime factors of 10 as 5 and 2 since both 1 and 10 are not prime numbers. An easy way for students to use factorization to determine if a number is prime is by giving them concrete counting items like beans, buttons, or coins. They can use these to divide objects into ever-smaller groups. For example, they could divide 10 marbles into two groups of five or five groups of two. Using a Calculator After using the concrete method as described in the previous section, students can use calculators and the concept of divisibility to determine whether a number is prime. Have students take a calculator and key in the number to determine whether it is prime. The number should divide into a whole number. For example, take the number 57. Have students divide the number by 2. They will see that the quotient is 27.5, which is not an even number. Now have them divide 57 by 3. They will see that this quotient is a whole number: 19. So, 19 and 3 are factors of 57, which is, then, not a prime number. Other Methods Another way to find if a number is prime is by using a factorization tree, where students determine the common factors  of multiple numbers. For instance, if a student is factoring the number 30, she could begin with 10 x 3 or 15 x 2. In each case, she continues to factor- 10 (2 x 5) and 15 (3 x 5). The end result will yield the same prime factors: 2, 3 and 5 because 5 x 3 x 2 30, as does 2 x 3 x 5. Simple division with pencil and paper can also be a good method for teaching young learners how to determine prime numbers. First, divide the number by two, then by three, four, and five if none of those factors yields a whole number. This method is useful to help someone just starting out to understand what makes a number prime.

Journals reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journals reading - Essay Example Additionally, these guidelines are necessary for guiding the decision-making the process of the writer. Just like the writing process demands the writer to come up with everything before writing, artists also look for ideas and inspiration before beginning their artwork. They brainstorm and come up with various ideas they feel suitable to their topic or intention. Equally important, the artist also plans and structure before painting (Armstrong 24). The article uses direct speech quoted from various speakers. Use of direct speech is important in sentence construction since it makes the message look authentic and real to the reader and different audience. Furthermore, it also limits distortion of the message because it is quoted. According to the chapter Planning, the cool down is the reduction in intensity of writers’ frustration and temper. Various authors when faced with difficult writing tasks always develop frustration and anger that leads to random thinking. Through random thoughts, writers get the ideal and perfect opportunity to cool down and rationally think. As a result, they manage to solve the problems and eventually start writing. Moreover, free writing is the best and most useful writing strategy. According to Stafford, free writing is useful since it allows the writer to write various articles or material quickly (32). It also helps writers to enhance their speed, creativity, and memory. Equally, free writing provokes critical thinking since a writer is expected to write what he/she can recall. Moreover, it ensures construction of relevant and detailed work because writers are expected to proofread. Through proofreading, writers can remove irrelevant and unusual points or sentence from their work. They also correct grammar and spelling mistakes in their work. Besides, Speculation is to conceive or try to figure out an idea without knowing the exact meaning or purpose of it. Speculation of ideas is important to

Opinion Essay on 'The Interest Communities' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Opinion on 'The Interest Communities' - Essay Example Webber believes that a person’s work environment and the people within their work community is not their place-community, as it is only a place in which they work. Where they live and interact with people outside of work, however, is their place-community. Though the article was written in 1964, Webber’s insights in regards to neighbourhoods and neighbourhood change can be applicable to the present. Webber states that communication between people, outside of the work environment, depends solely on the proximity between where the person is and where they want to go. He goes on to say that while proximity is important, accessibility to the place is another vital factor. In the 1960s, due to the lack of technology that we have now, the only way people could really communicate with friends or attend clubs or meetings would be to drive to them. There were no methods such as e-mail, text messaging, cell phones, or the perks of having the Internet, so they would have to depend on places that were close to them and within driving range. Even though this generation has every possible method of communication, many people still depend and rely on the places that are closest to them. The closer a place is and the easier it is to get there, the more likely a person will go there than elsewhere. Furthermore, as in the 1960s, in this day and age, people also depend on what they have close to them in regards to friends and companions – the closer a neighbor is, the better the relationship could be. According the Webber, neighbourhoods change according to the times and the growth of businesses. Though people prefer to live closer to their place of employment, and the majority of them move to be closer to their businesses, their place-community remains to be the place they spend their time outside of work. The main people of communication are not the people they work with, but with the people that they associate with outside of

Segmentation, targeting, and positioning of hotels Assignment

Segmentation, targeting, and positioning of hotels - Assignment Example Market segmentation therefore relies on the principle that individual customers have need for a variety of products or services (OUP). Any market segmentation endeavour initially needs the identification and selection of the most suitable variables on the basis of which the potential customers are grouped. The identified variables form the platform for the segmentation basis. Whether the market is targeted at consumers or if it is a business to business organization decides the selection of the appropriate variables which however cannot be consistent and be decided in a single stroke on the basis of an identified factor. Appropriate market segmentation therefore requires research and analysis by considering a range of data from different sources (OUP). After a proper market segmentation has been achieved, the next step is the targeting the identified market segment with the product line which the consumers need. Targeting is the focussing of attention on identified segments, directing resources in that direction and taking business decisions accordingly. There has to be an optimum relationship between the resources/capabilities against the attractiveness of an identified segment on the basis of which targeting strategy can either be differentiated, undifferentiated or concentrated (OUP). Targeting is therefore the selection of one or more of the marketing segments which the company intends and decides to enter. After the targeting strategy has been developed, the next step is the positioning of the product by creating marketing offers that serve the targeted customer in the best possible manner. This is achieved by establishing, highlighting and communicating the key factors and the distinctive advantages of a company’s pro duct in relation to the competition. The hotel industry is one of the largest hospitality industries in the world which has thrived due to the large scale movement of

Reasons for European Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reasons for European Economic Crisis - Essay Example The essay "Reasons for European Economic Crisis" overviews the reasons for European Economic crisis such as imbalances in international trade, inappropriate and inflexible monetary policy, increasing levels of households, banks, and governments debts, confidence loss in the economic system. The European economic crisis started in 2007 and was preceded by a considerably long duration of low-risk premiums, the growth of real estate bubbles, abundant liquidity, and fast credit growth. The economic misfortunes sequence that began in 2002 created a fiscal dilemma in Europe that included spiraling debt by the governments and banks of a number of European states. Some economists and policy analysts believe that the uncontrolled or unregulated debt resulted to the fiscal quandary that went beyond normal proportions. About 20 European states were in debt as of 2012 and this compounded the problem of European economic crisis because they have closely connected economies and shares a monetary currency. What has been of greater concerns to many analysts is how Europe got into the crisis in the first place. It is believed that focus on social welfare and irresponsibility by some European states evidenced by heavy borrowing and not paying heed to the balance of payment are main facto rs that led to the crisis. This paper will explain in details the reasons for European Economic crisis. Musialkowska and Wroblewski point out that no doubt the European economic crisis was as a result of a combination of various complex factors.

Amazon.com Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amazon.com - Case Study Example It has a competitive advantage over traditional companies that are physically based. Contrary to its online businesses, Amazon operates online and, has access to a large market. It has a strong financial and computer technology background. It has strength in partnership and affiliations with other businesses. A strong customer care service is an important aspect explored by the company to gain market dominance (Wheelen & Hunger, 2008). Most customers are not familiar with web-based sources of bookstore. In some situations, the company may undertake poor market analysis causing wasteful investment in online retail as pets.com , drugv store.com and home grosa.com that were never successful. Online retail business has the potential of generating high operating profits. There is growth in the number of household accessing the internet and, therefore, increased market dominance. Presence of new product lines in the market promotes entrance of new customers for the company. There is pressure from financial markets to abandon the companies stated goals, of sacrificing short time profit. There are existing book-selling companies established in the market that present competition to Amazon.com. Competition is from established home page websites such eBay and yahoo. Poor economic environment such as high sales tax on eco-mass transactions affects the company’s performance (Wheelen & Hunger, 2008). Products provided by the company include books, music, video, toys, electronics, tools, kitchen, and apparel. It provides services such as partnerships, online auctions, web services and retail shop service. The main problem faced by Amazon.com is increased operating expenses through advertisement. The best to address Amazon.com’s problem is cutting down on expenses based on the advertisement by collaborating with affiliate companies to help share the cost of

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity Essay

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity - Essay Example The central argument in Linn’s case is that the food manufacturing companies are the ones responsible for the high number of obese kids in society. However, David has a different argument stating that it is the accountability of the guardian and the kid to ensure that the child does not get obese. These central arguments are different and reviewing their supporting arguments offers more insight on the issue. The key difference between these two authors is on who ought to take responsibility for the obesity problem facing kids in the contemporary world. According to Susan Linn, the responsibility for this goes to the companies that manufacture these foodstuffs. She supports this by further stating that the advent in technology has made companies powerful enough to sidestep the authority of the parent when a kid wants to purchase a particular commodity. They have done this by producing commodities that are cheap enough for a kid to purchase with their allowance without necessarily asking their parents for the money. According to David, the responsibility for this falls on the companies and parents. David offers an example of his life where he received enough money to go to fast food restaurants and take his daily meals. He states that this has not changed with the contemporary families and is thus the parent’s responsibility. He further states that the kids ought to practice self-control not to go into these restaurants and eat fast foods. David comments on the issue of children that have flocked courts claiming to sew these fast food restaurants for their obese conditions (ZincZenko). He states that this is a wrong thing to do and that instead of suing these companies, the kids ought to take great care of their health. The fast food companies are also at fault because they do not indicate the ingredient content on their commodities and this leads to misinformed decisions among

Reasons for European Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reasons for European Economic Crisis - Essay Example The essay "Reasons for European Economic Crisis" overviews the reasons for European Economic crisis such as imbalances in international trade, inappropriate and inflexible monetary policy, increasing levels of households, banks, and governments debts, confidence loss in the economic system. The European economic crisis started in 2007 and was preceded by a considerably long duration of low-risk premiums, the growth of real estate bubbles, abundant liquidity, and fast credit growth. The economic misfortunes sequence that began in 2002 created a fiscal dilemma in Europe that included spiraling debt by the governments and banks of a number of European states. Some economists and policy analysts believe that the uncontrolled or unregulated debt resulted to the fiscal quandary that went beyond normal proportions. About 20 European states were in debt as of 2012 and this compounded the problem of European economic crisis because they have closely connected economies and shares a monetary currency. What has been of greater concerns to many analysts is how Europe got into the crisis in the first place. It is believed that focus on social welfare and irresponsibility by some European states evidenced by heavy borrowing and not paying heed to the balance of payment are main facto rs that led to the crisis. This paper will explain in details the reasons for European Economic crisis. Musialkowska and Wroblewski point out that no doubt the European economic crisis was as a result of a combination of various complex factors.

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity Essay

Corporate Responsibility for Childhood Obesity - Essay Example The central argument in Linn’s case is that the food manufacturing companies are the ones responsible for the high number of obese kids in society. However, David has a different argument stating that it is the accountability of the guardian and the kid to ensure that the child does not get obese. These central arguments are different and reviewing their supporting arguments offers more insight on the issue. The key difference between these two authors is on who ought to take responsibility for the obesity problem facing kids in the contemporary world. According to Susan Linn, the responsibility for this goes to the companies that manufacture these foodstuffs. She supports this by further stating that the advent in technology has made companies powerful enough to sidestep the authority of the parent when a kid wants to purchase a particular commodity. They have done this by producing commodities that are cheap enough for a kid to purchase with their allowance without necessarily asking their parents for the money. According to David, the responsibility for this falls on the companies and parents. David offers an example of his life where he received enough money to go to fast food restaurants and take his daily meals. He states that this has not changed with the contemporary families and is thus the parent’s responsibility. He further states that the kids ought to practice self-control not to go into these restaurants and eat fast foods. David comments on the issue of children that have flocked courts claiming to sew these fast food restaurants for their obese conditions (ZincZenko). He states that this is a wrong thing to do and that instead of suing these companies, the kids ought to take great care of their health. The fast food companies are also at fault because they do not indicate the ingredient content on their commodities and this leads to misinformed decisions among

In the Mood for Love Essay Example for Free

In the Mood for Love Essay The quote by the author Drucker is a prime example of how non-verbal communication is most of the time more important than the actual answer itself. Body language is an essential element of everyday interaction amongst people. Based on simple hand gestures or a flicker of a smile, one can instantly change the syntax or structural meaning of a sentence. This change could turn a negative sentence into a positive outcome. Throughout the history of cinema body language is a tool that is applied to every movie. Movies by their very nature started of as any elaborate ploy on body language. The silent film era relies on nonverbal communication that is accompanied by visual elements and implanting a specific score in order to suspend disbelief that the audience is sitting an in a dark room watching various shades of light and color onto a screen. The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Kar Wai Wong is a prime example of how the characterization and plot of a movie doesn’t need to revolve around the construction of dialogue between the protagonist and other characters in the movie. To start off I would like to say the cinematographer Christopher Doyle and Pin Bing Lee did a great job in presenting a somewhat stale plot line into a visual masterpiece. There are many examples, of how the cinematography of this movie enables the audience to visualize the budding of a love that happened out of pain, spite, and loneliness. I would like to analyze the cinematography of a scene in order to bring more clarity to how body language is more important. The first scene I would like to examine is in the first act of the movie. Keep in mind during this scene there is no dialogue just a musical score. The faces of the two adulteresses remain obscured throughout the scene. Fade from black no picture in your minds eye the wife Su Li-Zhen is in her apartment with her husband while everyone is playing Mahjong. She takes the chair behind her husband and sits there. When she leaves for a brief instance to let another woman by which is the wife of Mr. Chow. Chow then proceeds to take his queue and exit the room looking troubled and deep in thought walks by and slightly grazes Mrs. Li-Zhen. Li-Zhen then goes to sit down next to her husband and puts her arm on his shoulder. This scene is jam-packed full of visual elements that make this scene very compelling and drives the movie forward with such palpable tension. First, the wife of Mr. Chow is dressed in a vibrant red dress that really pops out from all the dull whites and browns that are present in on the screen. This vibrancy of color and by the nature of all the skin that is revealed above her neck alludes to a characterization that is more sexual, more â€Å"desirable† in comparison to Mrs. Li-Zhen. She is wearing a dull white dressed that is cut in a more traditional and plain way. By the nature of the fabric and patterns on the dress it looks like she is blending in more than standing out. This direct comparison is between the mise en scene of the costuming foreshadows that the wife Mrs. Li-Zhen will become less desirable over time and this will present the problem of some kind of cheating. Also during this scene the very body language present between the two women towards Mr. Li-Zhen is very different. The wife of this man is sitting behind her husband she seems reluctant in showing her affections towards him. She doesn’t really act like they are together she only looks over his shoulder. The camera movement at this scene is very important when the wife walks into the room the camera pans out back to the doorway. Then, The adulteress wife walks from off the screen through the doorway. At this point the camera pans in. The woman in red then proceeds to walk in between the married couple sitting down, and drapes her arms across Mr. Chows back. Mrs. Li-Zhen gets up puts on an insincere smile and backs against the wall. The woman in red seems to push the faithful wife away. This scene is a metaphor down to a tee of what is happening to the Li-Zhen and Chows relationship. The initial distance between the first married couple shows that there is some discontent or rift between them. This body language is very subtle but its possible to see that they aren’t not entirely happy with each other. It’s not until she has her back against a wall and sees the discontent on Mr. Chow’s face do you really see the wife really warm up to her husband. The camera movement during this scene further supports my points on the relationship between the two couples. When the camera pans out it is signifying that even though Mrs. Li-Zhen is getting closer in reality she is quite distant from her husband. This distance is growing and impossible to reverse in this instance. This distance created by turning the shot from a medium, shot to a wide angle. Which sets up the next camera movement where Mrs. Chow comes from off the screen and the camera moves in and follows her as she makes her way towards MR. Li-Zhen. This shows that the there is a shift of desire going from the faithful wife to the new fling. This sexual shift is subtle but very evident once the adulteress pushes the faithful wife. The score during this scene is also very prominent during the entire movie. It is present every time we she a slight shift of the relationship status between the two couples. At first the music indicates that the physical, mental, and sexual attraction between the original couple is shifts towards a more negative outcome. During this scene the music is indicating that the once happy couples are now beginning to shift towards separation. The music cues as Mrs. Li-Zhen walks into the shot from off the screen. The tone and tempo of this piece directly correlates to the overall plot line of the film, and is key to this scene as well. The tone of the piece is a somber one; very little percussion is used in the score. There is a very prominent violin that is playing over other various strings. The tempo of this particular piece starts with slow staccato or â€Å"plucky strings† they start slow and there is able time between the notes to hears brief instance of silent. Then piece revs up to have a very mellow violin playing on top. The use of the tone in the piece reflects on the mood of the entire film and distress of the two that are faithful initially. The tempo of this piece shows that at first everything stress there is some kind of hidden element going on and then it quickens. The heartbreak comes, and now they have to live with it. As the movie progresses however the music becomes an indicator that new found couple having difficultly letting go, but they are making progress towards becoming whole again. When talking about this scene in particular the use of this music directly correlates to the action of what is going on in the scene. At the beginning of the piece the wife is walking into the room. This plucky string part signifies that there will be tension going on between Mrs. Li-Zhen and her husband. The violin is cued in as the camera movement stops and the adulteress wife walks onto the screen. The music is indicating that this woman spells trouble and she is bringing to the movie. Also, as the violin is playing the husband walks out of the room right after a brief pause between the violins solo. You hear a few plucks and silence of the violin at this instance. The silence of the violin signifies that he is not a problem but instead also in trouble from what is happening around him. He exits and the film cuts to the Li-Zhens being more affectionate, yet the sad music is still playing. This foreshadows that no matter what the relationship between these two couples is doomed even though the wife either remains ignorant or refuses to let go. At, which we find out later in the movie she tries to resist letting go the man she married because she cares so deeply for him. For example the original faithful protagonists are eating at a restaurant and both are trying to emulate the other’s old significant other. This movie very eloquently uses subtle metaphor through body language. The visual elements and the musical score help to strengthen the lack of dialogue in order to tell this story in a more compelling way. Body language is a necessary tool to understand in order to have a more in depth understanding of the characterization of the actors in well done films. Without strong body language is possible to sends confusing signals to everyone around you whether it be in the movies or in real life.

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay Stroke is a catastrophic event for survivors and their families because significant numbers of stroke survivors experience biophysical and psychosocial limitations after they return to home (Oswald 2008, p.241). Stroke is a common disabling disease that requires the involvement of family caregivers for patients successful rehabilitation (Lui Thompson 2005, p. 2514). After a stroke most people return to their home environment quickly despite suffering from various impairments and disabilities; most often without having received any care and rehabilitation services to reduce or compensate these dysfunctions (Vincent et al 2007, p. 21). Timely access to appropriate rehabilitation services for stroke survivors is needed to optimize recovery and reduce the long-term burden of stroke for patients, families and communities (Dawson et al, 2008, 174). Family caregivers play a key role in the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors, who require prolonged periods of recovery outside structured health care settings. Providing care to stroke survivors in home settings is an increasingly common experience (McCann Christiansen, 1996 ,p.914). However, family caregivers are usually faced with lack of health care education and they need assistance in learning how to manage to help the survivors in activities of daily living (ADL) and other aspects of physical care. Instrumental support, including social support, help with transportation, and financial support or compensation are also commonly requested by caregivers (Grant et al.2006, p.67). In general, care giving responsibilities follow a hierarchical order with spouses being preferred most often, followed by adult children, other relatives, and finally friends and neighbours (Moore et al. 2002, p.291). In Iran the situation is the same, the stroke survivors are usually referred to public or private care centres and to their own homes after discharge from hospital. This may result in many difficulties and long-term problems for stroke survivors and their family caregivers (Dalvandi et al, 2010). In Iran, there seems to be a lack of supportive systems in home care services as well as in knowledge and skills among family caregivers can be assumed to lead suffering from complications and probably even from less effective recovery processes for both patients and their families (Alaei, 2008,p. 7). Therefore, we need to explore the experiences of Iranian stroke survivors family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care in order to identify aspects that should be con sidered in developing delivery rehabilitation care for both patients and their families.. Aim and research questions The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care for stroke survivors at home. The following questions were raised: How do Iranian family caregivers experience the provision of rehabilitative care at home after stroke? How should the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors assistance be provided and organized? Method The constant comparative method (CCM) was used in this study. The constant comparative method of analyzing qualitative data combines inductive category, coding with a simultaneous composition of all units of meaning obtained (Glaser Strauss,1967). According to Boeije (2002) the constant comparative method together with theoretical sampling constitute the core of qualitative analysis in the grounded theory approach developed by Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987; Glaser 1992.(p.391-394) .The constant comparative method, which can be seen as the core category of grounded theory, includes that every part of data, i.e. emerging codes, categories, properties, and dimensions as well as different parts of the data, are constantly compared with all other parts of the data to explore variations, similarities and differences in data. The constant comparative method of grounded theory is strict enough to be helpful to the researcher in exploring the content and meaning in the data, but no t saddled with so many strict rules to be too rigid for a grounded theory researcher (Hallberg, 2006, P.141-145). According to Strauss and Corbin (1998) the art of comparison has to do with creative processes and with the interplay between data and researcher when gathering and analysing data. The cycle of comparison and reflection on old and new material can be repeated several times, it is only when new cases do not bring any new information to light that categories can described as saturated (Boeije ,2002,p. 391-394). Participants Twelve family caregivers participated in the study .The characteristics are shown in Table 1: Insert Table 1. The inclusion criteria for selecting family caregivers was: those family members who had the main responsibility to take care for stroke survivors in stroke survivors homes, such as offspring, spouses or other relatives, willingness to participate in this study, being able to communicate in Farsi and reside in an urban area in Tehran. The first author (AD) referred to hospitals and rehabilitation clinics formally and asked for permission to undertake the study. After the permission, he read more than 400 stroke survivors documents and then selected 35 case documents based on inclusion criteria. Then researcher contacted participants by telephone with the permission of universitys authorities. They were informed about the aims of the study and their rights as participants, and were asked to participate in the study. Finally twelve family caregivers agreed to participate in the study. Data-collections Techniques Data were collected through open-ended interviews and observational field notes. The open-ended interviews started with a general question: As a family caregiver, how do you experience providing rehabilitation care of a survivor after stroke at home? Then, step by step the interview continued to more specific and directed questions. Probing was performed according to the reflections offered by each respondent but sought to cover themes such as their experiences of the post-stroke life and the role of family caregivers in this situation. Interviews lasted between 45 to 60 minutes. The venues of the interviews were chosen by the participants at the survivors homes and it took from February 2007 to June 2007. In two cases, a second interview was conducted after some ambiguities had aroused during the first. During interview main researcher have been observed and considered all situations regarding the participants and focus on what participants said about doing one thing but in reality they are doing something else. Data Analysis All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed word by word and then approved by some participants, together with the observational field notes. Following Corbin Strauss (2008, p.160-167) instructions, data collection and data analysis took place simultaneously by using the process of constant comparative analysis method. Every interview was analyzed directly after the interview in order to identify ideas, which guided the next interview. During the phase of open coding, the researchers thoroughly read all interviews several times word by word and selected incidents, facts, key words or phrases in the text as in vivo codes (codes which directly came from interview with participants, not from other sources). In this phase, 482 primary codes were extracted. Open coding requires a brainstorming approach to analysis because, in the beginning, analyst wants to open up the data to all potentialities and possibilities contained within them (Corbin Strauss, 2008, p.160). Whereas open coding fractures the data into concepts and categories, axial coding puts those data back together in new ways by making connections between categories and subcategories. Thus axial coding refers to the process of developing main categories and their sub-categories. Then, the codes were compared to contents in order to find points of similarities and differences as base for those categories and sub-categories that were developed. These codes outlined properties and dimensions of each category and subcategory. This process resulted in eight conceptual categories. After axial coding at the end of the process, in selective coding phase, the core variable was identified. lack of continuity in rehabilitative care, which was clearly observed in all data, was identified as a core variable. Selective coding involves the integration of the categories that have been developed to form the initial theoretical framework (Corbin Strauss 2008, 163). Trustworthiness The conformability and credibility of the data were established in 3 main ways: First, the participants were contacted after the analysis and were given a full transcript of their coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes were true to their point of view (member check). Four participants chose to validate their transcripts and a few minor comments regarding spelling were made. As a further validity check, faculty members checked about half of all transcripts (peer check) when researcher presented the aim process and summary of data gathering. Finally, all the authors checked an English version of the coding and the coherence of the categories .The researcher documented the steps followed in the research and the decisions made to save the audit ability for other researchers to perform the steps of the research in future studies. Ethical considerations This study has been approved by Iranian National ethical committee in the Ministry of Health Medical Education (P/361-31/JUL/2005). All participants have received information about the aim of the study and what is expected from them as study participants. They also were informed that the participation is voluntary and they have the right to terminate their participation any time they want, without giving a reason, and their right to confidentiality. They also were informed that their continued care or rehabilitation was not dependent by their decision to participate or not. The researcher used all his attempts to make the participants comfortable to tell about their experiences and needs freely, and tried to note any non verbal signs of wishes for going out from the study, all participants signed the written informed consent paper after reading it carfully. When participants needed to have counselling in their homes, researcher coordinated by experts rehabilitation and some time researcher referred them to Neuro-rehabilitation clinic and also with hospitals to follow his/her problems clinically or in-patiently. Findings The participants ranged in age from 20 to 68 years. Seven main categories were identified within the analysis process: family integrity, modifying homes environment, managing co-morbidities, accessibility of rehabilitative services, expanding nurses roles, utilizing social insurance, and acquiring knowledge and skills. Family integrity conceptualized the way the participants continued their attempts to maintain family structure and function despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Modifying homes environment experienced as to facilitate the stroke survivors to live at home conveniently, and managing co- morbidities perceived as essential to prevent recurrent of strokes by controlling other symptom and diseases. Accessibility to rehabilitative services experienced as inappropriate and misdistribution of these services. Expanding nurses roles means that nurses roles should be developed as coordinator in rehabilitation teams to decrease biophysical and psychosocial limitations. Utilizing social insurance wished for as the main rehabilitation supportive service, acquiring knowledge and skills perceived as the basic needs for facing with the stroke event and help caregivers to accept the reality of their own situation. Conceptual relationship statements Researcher inferred that the lack continuity of rehabilitation care at survivors homes is the main variable concepts on the advancement of the providing of survivors rehabilitation because family caregivers experience accessing to services and covering rehabilitation services by social insurances could provide continually for leading, helping and supporting survivors to be independent sooner. In this way they perceived that special educational programs and skills are needed to be well-adapted with new situations. It causes the pressure on family members would be made less. As the part of Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, preserving, unity ,maintain family structure and emotional feeling during event are the essential strategies which families adapt with .In this case family caregivers have been involved to continue providing rehabilitation care and changing home environment to facilitate better situation for survivors in their homes. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation care services cause overload working by family care givers such as survivors; lifting, transferring, feeding and caring because fatigue, frustrations and loss of energy. Therefore assisting by lay care givers could help them a lot especially during the first few months in this process. Lack of knowledge and skills regarding survivors care made them to be agitated and later on disappointed. They believed that the nurses roles are as important as the family care givers on the recovery of these patients regarding education and skills, introducing recourse, emotional support and medicine recommendations, timely teaching of patients and caregivers, and assessment and information exchange regarding patient progress and care needs. Lack of access to these services could delay survivors recovery. Continuity of care specifically relates to the nurses continued presence with the patients and involved coordination of the multi professional teams diverse efforts. Nurses, interacting with patients and relatives frequently throughout the day in many diverse situations, are in a unique position to facilitate the interpretive work that stroke survivors and their families go through and which is a prerequisite for moving ahead in the adjustment and rehabilitation processes following a stroke. Family integrity Family caregivers experienced that maintaining integrity, morale and durability were important to maintain family structure and their roles despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Family caregivers were also forced to look for new ways to compromise with this real event, as the part of their Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, unity and emotional feeling that were the essential strategies which families had adapted. Whereas in Iran, family structure is so important for its members, therefore religious and emotional behaviors help us to stand, It should be continue by culture and empowered (Family caregiver 2), Modifying home environment Participants perceived that after the unpredictable event of stroke, their home environment needed to be changed, depending on survivors condition. The changes aimed at helping both the survivors and the family caregivers to play their roles better and live an active life by participating in the family life, whatever is available at home. We have to change the home environment to help survivors by using devices such as grab bars in bathroom, a raised toilet seat and a long-handled brush, and also electric toothbrush and an electric razor. (Family caregiver 9). Managing co- morbidities Participant perceived that managing other symptoms like body pain, and diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, as well as hypercholesterolemia and obesity were important to prevent recurrent period and prevent progressive diseases. I have tried to manage other disease such blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders with helping Doctors and nurses as well the control of dietaries and drugs management ,besides of stroke and its complications (family caregiver 6). Accessibility to rehabilitative services There are only a few special rehabilitation centres for stroke survivors in Iran and usually the stroke patients are referred to public or private caring centres and  to their own homes, because these clinics are very far from their homes. These services were regarded to be expensive and not easy to access from home and community, therefore stroke survivors and their family caregivers suffered of not receiving rehabilitation services. My family has lost their energy and in times, we are so tired and agitated If somebody comes to our home for caring and helping us it would be fantastic (Family caregiver5). I really need to get some facilities in my place, close to my home, suitable for our incomes; going far from my home is very expensive to access and so difficult for me and my family as well to bring services in our home (Family caregiver 11) . Expanding nurses roles Most participants experienced that nurses have a multidimensional role in rehabilitative care and they can act as team coordinators and educators for patients and their families. They were also regarded to be able to promote healthy lifestyle, advocate available recourses, nutrition, and medication, rehabilitative care recommendations to survivors and family caregivers, as well as prevention of stroke relapse. Nurses have a sense of advocacy and morale besides the care delivering, this is a fact, and I do emphasis that the role of nurses for patients is vital and important.(Family caregiver 3) Utilizing social insurance Participants regarded their friends or family members as the source of encouragement to seek social support. They experienced that social support from relatives, community and close personal relationship each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients life. The social support from them gave a sense of self-confidence and self-sufficiency in stroke survivors. Family caregivers expressed also that lack of assistant to care and insufficient social insurances for covering and receiving services from therapists caused the families a burden. The provision of social support was regarded to help the survivors to be enforced regarding the sense of belonging to others and also to friendship. During these times my family network visited and encouraged us to be happy and satisfied, I am so grateful to them because they come at my home to give a lift again.(Family caregiver 4). The cost of care and treatment that are extra in our life , if we had more support in advance, it would be more helpful and could be more effective.(Family caregiver 10). Acquiring knowledge and skills Family caregivers experienced lack of knowledge and skills to provide care for the survivors and deal with new situation; they perceived the need for information and education at their homes regarding transferring, lifting, feeding, drug taking and how to care I faced with lack of information and skills related to the event, the provision of supportive education is necessary for stroke survivors and their family caregivers from hospital to home , I dont know what to do (Family caregiver 12) Discussion The first author (AD) faced with some limitations in this study, such as cultural barriers to be accepted into the participants houses. The study shows that the need of continuity of care and rehabilitation services is pivotal for promotion of ADL and the health situation of stroke survivors and their family caregivers, after discharge from hospital. Depending on survivors situation, communication between family caregivers and rehabilitative care providers could be coordinated to improving rehabilitative care issue in order to achieve self-care and self-management. Even the social support from relatives was a strategy which was used and recommended by the family caregivers of stroke survivors. Thus, the delivery of continuous support and rehabilitative care is needed to reduce burden of care giving. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation was extracted as core concepts among data and concepts and related categories because family care givers have been following the process of receiving rehabilitation services for reducing physical disturbances; socio psychological limitation and help survivors to be self -independence ,they believed social insurance could involve these services at the survivors homes ,provide the transportations to rehabilitation centers and support nursing care and lay care givers for preventing of family burden. They experience that lack of these kinds of supports resulting in: cause less integrity and enduring among family members despite of their efforts and to incomplete rehabilitation services for stroke survivors. Family caregivers need many skills and have many difficulties associated with the involvement and tasks of care giving (Bakas et al 2004,p.243). Establishing comprehensive intervention programs in order to address the unique needs of individual family caregivers is emerging as a critical focus for research, as well as an important topic for policymakers, both in Iran and other countries. Han Haley (1999,p. 1479) also mean that stroke survivors have, besides of stroke and its complications, other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, and even these needs to be taken into consideration in dietaries and drugs management. Our study participants expressed the need of education programs. Bakas et als study (2004,p.245) show that family caregivers have concerns about managing the symptoms and deficits of the stroke survivor. Lui Thompson 2005,p. 2515) indicate that teaching family caregivers to cope with these problems and to relieve their stress is essential. There is also some evidence that caregivers well-being affects even the health and recovery of stroke patients (ibid.). Our study findings show the same in Iranian context. Our study shows also that the home environments need to be modified, as the modifications can help the family caregiver to play their roles better and to have active daily lives. Vanhook (2009) found that that the quality and quantity modification in home environments depends on survivors condition although there is minimal consideration of the psychological, social, environmental needs during and after rehabilitation: when the survivor returns home, the environment is a foreign one (Vanhook, 2009 ,p.7). The participants in our study considered that there is need to expand the roles of nurses in rehabilitative care. As Steiner (2007) claims, nurses have a holistic approach through coordinating and integrating with other team members to deliver rehabilitation services for survivors and help caregivers to manage the situation. Besides, nurses are often the first to interact with the stroke patient in both acute care and intensive rehabilitation. Using evidence-based knowledge, the nurse has the responsibility to expand the nursing history to include such factors as previous cognitive state, previous perceptions of health status, present role within the family dynamic, previous self-concept, cultural influences, and relationships both personal and social. In our multicultural society, it is also imperative that we recognize and develop an understanding of the power of ethnicity as it relates to individuals health perception, thus affecting the recovery process. Steiner (2007,p.48-54) The participants in our study experienced that providing informations and appropriate education in responding to their needs, were the most important and valuable things which improve efficacy of these services. Family caregivers perceived that covering of rehabilitative services by social insurances agencies can help survivors and their family caregivers to get better rehabilitation facilities and improve functional performances. The social insurances can also reduce stress in the survivors situation by providing lay caregivers for helping family members.. Previous studies have examined the effect of different types of social support on functional recovery after stroke (Friedland McColl 1992, p.575), similarly to our study showed that social support from family, community and from close personal relationships each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients. As Shah (2006,p. 472) and Weimar et al. (2002,p. 2055) claim, the post stroke family support, financial status, and community resources should be evaluated to optimize successful return to the community. This study confirms the results of Oswald et al (2008,p.245) who found that stroke is expected to continue to be a major concern for survivors, their families and health and social care providers because stroke continues to affect the survivors and their family members life situation a long time. Besides, most stroke survivors live in the community and are assisted by family caregivers, especially by spouses. Stroke-related impairments and post stroke depression interfere with recovery and result in impaired relationships and reduced life satisfaction for the survivors and their spouses.By increasing the patients participation in rehabilitation, their ability to solve problems in ADL and to transfer knowledge to new situations we hope that patients and relatives satisfaction in daily life will increase. Conclusion The study illustrates that the family caregivers are stricken of the stroke because the providing care for stroke survivor in order to rehabilitate the survivor major engagement is needed from the family caregivers. Enhanced discharge planning and nurses follow-up with collaboration of stroke survivors families should be considered as essential in maintaining the well-being of the family caregivers and bridging the gap between the hospital and the community , reducing family burden ,receiving high quality of rehabilitative care and make decisions regarding their own life and care. Relevance to clinical practice There is a need to develop family caregivers abilities to provide care that is more suitable to survivors needs. Both educational practice and financial support should be provided to the stroke survivors and their family caregivers in order to enhance better coping in the difficult life situation. Social and emotional support should also be provided to minimize the family members burden and help them managing the consequences of stroke. Therefore, the Iranian Government should improve the social and financial support and order a social insurance for stroke survivors and their family caregivers both by public and private social insurance agencies. There is also a need for organizing and extending rehabilitation services in health programs for reducing physical dysfunction, thus helping the patients and their family caregivers to apply better role performances and encourage independency in activities of daily living. Further, a rehabilitation team should plan and focus on functional disturbance and social support. There is also a need to write a stroke rehabilitation protocol that coordinates team work. In this work, nurses experiences are highly needed. Funding: This study is funded by deputy of research at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Conflicts of Interest: The first researchers have no conflicts of interest regarding financial support and official affairs in this study.